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The representation of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and Semi-Annual Oscillation (SAO) in the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS) depends on the model formulation in the tropical region, particularly the parameterisation of the effects of gravity waves. Therefore, the representation of the QBO and SAO vary with model cycle and resolution. Observations do provide constraints for the analyses, but poorly observed regions, such as the upper stratosphere and the mesosphere, will exhibit similar characteristics to those of the forecast model.
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