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A total of 26 indicators are provided, covering the global land area at the spatial resolution of 0.5°x0.5° lat-lon grid. A brief review of the agroclimatic indicators provided by C3S global agrilculture SIS is given in tables below:
DATA DESCRIPTION | |
Horizontal coverage | Global |
Horizontal resolution | 0.5° x 0.5° |
Temporal coverage | 1951 to 2099 |
Temporal resolution | Dekad (10 daily) Seasonal |
Seasonal | netCDF-4 |
Yearly | Grid |
MAIN VALRIABLES | ||
Variable | Description | Units |
CDD | Maximum number of consecutive dry days (Drought spell) | day |
CFD | Maximum number of consecutive frost days (Cold spell) | day |
CSDI | Cold-spell duration index | day |
WSDI | Warm-spell duration index | day |
CSU | Maximum number of consecutive summer days (Hot spell) | day |
CWD | Maximum number of consecutive wet days (Wet spell) | day |
WW | Warm and wet days | day |
DTR | Mean of diurnal temperature range | °C |
BEDD | Biologically Effective Degree Days | °C |
GSL | Growing Season Length | day |
FD | Frost Days | day |
ID | Ice Days | day |
R10mm | Heavy precipitation days | day |
R20mm | Very heavy precipitation days | day |
RR | Precipitation sum | mm |
RR1 | Wet Days | day |
SDII | Simple daily intensity index | mm |
SU | Summer days | day |
TG | Mean of daily mean temperature | K |
TN | Mean of daily minimum temperature | K |
TNn | Minimum value of the daily minimum Temperature | K |
TNx | Maximum value of the daily minimum temperature | K |
TR | Tropical nights | day |
TX | Mean of daily maximum temperature | K |
TXn | Minimum value of daily maximum temperature | K |
TXx | Maximum value of daily maximum temperature | K |
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Climate Model | Scenario | ||||
Historical | rcp26 | rcp45 | rcp60 | rcp85 | |
GFDL-ESM2M |
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HadGEM2-ES |
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IPSL-CM5A-LR |
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MIROC-ESM-CHEM |
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NorESM1-M |
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Agricultural indicators have been pre-calculated for this complete matrix of GCM/RCP combinations.
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Acronym | Description | Application |
| Maximum number of consecutive dry days | Drought monitoring, drought damage indicator |
| Maximum number of consecutive frost days |
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CSDI | Cold-spell duration index | Provides information on reduced |
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| Provide an indication concerning the occurrence of heat stress on reduced |
| Maximum number of consecutive summer days | Provides information on |
CWD | Maximum number of consecutive | Provides information on drought/oxygen |
WW | Warm and wet days | Provide an indication of occurrence of various pests insects and especially fungi Provides an indication concerning the crop development, especially leave |
| Provides information on climate variability and change. Also serves as the proxy for information on the clarity | |
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| Determines crop development stages/rates. Crop development will decelerate/accelerate below and above |
GSL | Growing Season Length | Provides an indication whether a crop or a combination of crops can be sown and subsequently reach maturity within a |
Provides information on frost damage | ||
Provides information on frost damage | ||
R10mm | Heavy precipitation days | Provides information on crop damage |
R20mm | Very heavy precipitation days | Provides information on crop damage |
Precipitation sum | Provides information on possible water | |
Provides information on intercepted | ||
SDII | Simple daily intensity index | Provides information on possible run off |
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| Provide an indication concerning the occurrence of heat stress. Also base for crop specific variants for heat/cold stress (above/below the crop specific |
Provides information on long-term | ||
Provides information on long-term | ||
Provides information on long-term | ||
Provides information on long-term | ||
TR | Tropical nights | Provide an indication of occurrence of various pests. |
Provides information on long-term | ||
Provides information on long-term | ||
Provides information on long-term |
*) these indicators have been pre-calculated for the range of threshold temperatures
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The finest temporal resolution that is commonly used in climate science for generating climate indicators is 1 month. For agronomical practices an accurate indication of for example crop emergence, flowering occurrence etc., is useful. Therefore, to have a better indication when crop emergence, flowering, etc., takes places (given the provided weather data series) the temporal resolution should be finer than one month. Interpolation from two one month periods will provide a less accurate indication for example flowering indication than can be obtained when two 10 day periods are used. Hence the temporal resolution of agroclimatic indicators have been improved by a factor of 3, splitting the calendar year into chunks of nominally 10 day periods (also known as "dekads"). Thus the date scale within each year would be:
01-10 Jan (10 days)
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Start | End | Available Indicators |
1951 | 1980 | 1 historical run from each of 5 GCMs (note 1950 is disregarded) |
1981 | 2010 | 1 historical run from each of 5 GCMs (respective RCP8.5 data from the model is used for 2005-2010) |
2011 | 2040 | 4 RCP scenarios for each of 5 GCMS |
2041 | 2070 | 4 RCP scenarios for each of 5 GCMS |
2071 | 2099 | 4 RCP scenarios for each of 5 GCMS |
Therefore for each agroclimatic indicator in Table 2, there are 71 netCDF files available as follows:
- 5 GCMs × 2 historical periods
- 5 GCMs × 4 RCPs x 3 future periods
- 1 historical from climate forcing data (WFDEI)
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Crop maps give for each pixel the number of hectares under that crop. The maps are representative for the situation around 2005. This leads to eight NETCDF variables, presented in the table below.
From the original SPAM database 2 'variables' and 4 'technologies' have been retained. SPAM data have a resolution of 5', so we summed the data over each set of 6x6 original grid boxes to come to the 0.5o grid boxes in our set.
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Variable | Description |
area_rs_h | harvested area, rainfed, subsistence |
area_rs_p | physical area, rainfed, subsistence |
area_rh_h | harvested area, rainfed, high input |
area_rh_p | physical area, rainfed, high input |
area_rl_h | harvested area, rainfed, low input |
area_rl_p | physical area, rainfed, low input |
area_ir_h | harvested area, irrigated |
area_ir_p | physical area, irrigated |
Harvested area can be larger or smaller than physical area; larger implies that some form of double cropping is present; smaller implies that not all area suitable for the crop is actually planted / harvested. Please refer to http://mapspam.info/ for more information.
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Variable | Description |
sow_a | average sowing/planting dekad |
sow_e | early sowing/planting dekad |
sow_l | late sowing/planting dekad |
har_a | average harvest dekad |
har_e | early harvest dekad |
har_l | late harvest dekad |
FAO-GAEZ data have a resolution of 5', so we aggregated the data over each set of 6x6 original grid boxes to come to the 0.5o grid boxes in our set. For early sowing/harvest we took the minimum value found in the 6x6 boxes, for late sowing harvest the maximum value found, and for average sowing/harvest the rounded average of all 36 values.
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Crop mega environments define similar environments on a global scale. The main classification ME1... MEn) reflects climatic constraints, e.g. average temperature and precipitation of the growing season, in corresponding altitude/latitude bands. Sub-classifications (e.g. ME2b) may reflect soil conditions. The concept is very useful for crop breeders, where for each mega environment a cultivar (or variety) can be developed that in principal should grow well everywhere in that ME. Often for each ME a benchmark cultivar and representative site can be identified.
The number of MEs defined for each crop varies. In this collection the following have been retained, and only so for wheat and maize these have been included in the respective NETCDF files., as for the others no publicly available data have been found.
ME maps have been compiled from high resolution (ca. 3' equivalent) shape files, tagging a 0.5o grid box as belonging to a certain ME if its polygon occupied any fraction of the grid box. This means there is overlap in the ME's, i.e. one grid box can be classified to more than one ME. This is not unrealistic as cultivars optimized for a certain ME will thrive best (i.e. have the highest yields) in the interior of their domain, whereas at its fringes, also other cultivars may become suitable.
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Crop | ME number | Reference |
Wheat | 12 (6 spring wheat; 3 facultative; 3 winter wheat) | Braun et al. 2010 |
Maize | 8 (6 tropical, 2 temperate) | Bellon et al. 2005 |
Rice | 7 (4 irrigated, 2 rainfed, 1 deep water); however, no publicly available maps have been found | ? |
Soybean | 6 | ? |
Each crop/ME combination is specified by clearly defined set of climate requirements or climate suitability criteria. These are given in the following table.
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ME number | Wheat | Maize |
ME1 | spring wheat, temperate, irrigated, low latitude; | tropical wet, upper mid altitude; |
ME2 | spring wheat, temperate, wet, low latitude; | tropical wet, lower mid altitude; |
ME3 | spring wheat, temperate, wet, acid soil, low latitude; | tropical dry, mid altitude; |
ME4 | spring wheat, tropical dry, low latitude; | tropical wet, low altitude; |
ME5 | spring wheat, tropical, irrigated, low latitude; | tropical dry, low altitude; |
ME6 | spring wheat, temperate, dry, high latitude; | tropical, high altitude; |
ME7 | facultative wheat, cool temperate, irrigated, mid latitude; | temperate wet, low altitude; |
ME8 | facultative wheat, cool temperate, wet, mid latitude; | temperate dry, low altitude; |
ME9 | facultative wheat, cool temperate, dry, mid latitude; | |
ME10 | winter wheat, cold temperate, irrigated, high latitude; | |
ME11 | winter wheat, cold temperate, wet, high latitude | |
ME12 | winter wheat, cold temperate, dry, high latitude; |
At a next level, the benchmark cultivar for each crop/ME combination should be specified by a set of generic crop model parameters. These include thermal requirements for each major phenological development stage, optimal climatic growing conditions, thresholds for hot/cold stress, etc. No publicly available data of any consistency have been found, so parameters for each of these ME are not provided in our NETCDF files. Nevertheless we have chosen to retain the maps, for those knowledgeable to use them wisely.
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Crop | Base temperature for BEDD | ratio TSUM1/(TSUM1+TSUM2) |
Winter wheat | 0 | 0.5 |
Spring wheat | 0 | 0.4 |
Maize | 6 | 0.5 |
Rice | 8 | 0.7 |
Soybean | 8 | 0.3 |
Thus for each crop the following thermal requirements have been defined:
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Variable | Description |
tsumEA | temperature sum from emergence to anthesis |
tsumAM | temperature sum from anthesis to maturity |
tsumEM | temperature sum from emergence to maturity |
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