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The E-OBS dataset is provided on regular latitude-longitude grids with spatial resolutions of 0.1° and 0.25°, and has a daily resolution. The coverage of E-OBS spans much of the European continent, from northern Scandinavia to southern Spain and north Africa, and from Iceland into the Russian Federation at 40°E, but the coverage changes through time as the station coverage expands and decreases in time. The earliest maps for temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure and radiation in E-OBS start on 1 January 1950, while the maps for wind speed start on 1 January 1980. Full new versions of E-OBS are released twice a year and provisional monthly updates are provided through http://surfobs.climate.copernicus.eu/dataaccess/access_eobs_months.php. The latest version at the time of writing is v28v29.0e, but in this document various earlier versions are used to provide additional information. Except where mentioned explicitly, the difference between subsequent versions is that each version is based on time series from stations which provide 6 months of additional data compared to the previous version. In some cases, new station time series have been added.
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The station data are provided by 85 participating institutions and the ECA&D dataset contains over 23300 23600 meteorological stations (status September 2023March 2024). Metadata of the time series, including the source and information about the meteorological stations are provided through the ECA&D website.
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The usual approach in the production of a gridded dataset is to determine the best or most likely values for the key parameters used to interpolate station values to values on a regular grid. With an ensemble version of the dataset, a number of these key parameters can be varied, producing a range of possible gridded datasets (referred to as the ensemble). The advantage of producing a dataset this way is that with an ensemble it can be easier to quantify the uncertainty in the grid box averages. Using standard statistical approaches this can be difficult as a number of the error components have spatial and temporal structures which are difficult to model. Where users require a single measure of the interpolated daily fields, then the "best guess" (ensemble mean) values should be used. However, the ensemble spread should always be consulted as the uncertainty of the gridded field varies across the domain, and is ultimately determined by the variations in station coverage. The individual ensemble members are mainly intended for users who require the uncertainty in the gridded fields to propagate through to various other applications. If a user requires rainfall data for hydrological modelling, then each of the ensemble members could be fed into the hydrological model. In this way, the uncertainty in the rainfall interpolation would propagate through to the hydrological model output. Subsequent versions of E-OBS are updated using recent data from the European national meteorological services and by the inclusion of new time series. Usually, the amount of input station data explains the differences between subsequent versions of E-OBS.
E-
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OBSv29.0e vs E-
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OBSv28.0e
E-OBSv28OBSv29.0e was released in October 2023 March 2024 and spans the period 1950-01-01 to 2023-0612-3031, while E-OBSv27OBSv28.0e was released in April October 2023 spanning 1950-01-01 to 20222023-1206-3130. The most important changes between these two versions is the amount of data that is used. Existing networks of synoptic, climatological and (manual) rain-gauge station data are updated with the latest measurements that are received directly from the national or regional meteorological services. The groups group of meteorological services that provide such frequent updates of these networks are those from Germany, Czech Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Norway, Slovenia, Finland, Ireland, Estonia, Sweden, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Italy (Emilia-Romagna), Montenegro, Belgium, France, Denmark, UK, Hungary and Catalonia (Spain). For the remaining countries, data from the network of synoptic stations is used to update the time series (as documented in section 2.3). The other main changes for E-OBSv28OBSv29.0e are:
- Included new stations and updates for Ukraine, Portugal and Belgium
- Included data from Global Summary of the Day for southeast Europe
- Updated Polish precipitation series that were wrongly included
- Included radiation series for Trentino in Italy
- New series included for Campania and Trentino in Italy
- Corrected elevation for German precipitation stations
Minimum temperature
Figure 11 shows the difference in the annual mean climatology of daily mean temperature for the period 1991-2020 between E-OBS versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e. Figure 12 shows the seasonal mean differences between these two versions for the period Dec 1999 – Nov 2000.
Figure 11: Difference in annual mean climatology of daily mean minimum temperature [°C] for the period 1991-2020 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Figure 12: Differences in seasonal means of daily mean minimum temperature [°C] for Dec 1999-Nov 2000 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Mean temperature
Figure 13 shows the difference in the annual mean climatology of daily mean temperature for the period 1991-2020 between E-OBS versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e. Figure 14 shows the seasonal mean differences between these two versions for the period Dec 1999 – Nov 2000.
Figure 13: Difference in annual mean climatology of daily mean temperature [°C] for the period 1991-2020 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Figure 14: Differences in seasonal means of daily mean temperature [°C] for Dec 1999-Nov 2000 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Maximum temperature
Figure 15 shows the difference in the annual mean climatology of daily mean temperature for the period 1991-2020 between E-OBS versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e. Figure 16 shows the seasonal mean differences between these two versions for the period Dec 1999 – Nov 2000.
Figure 15: Difference in annual mean climatology of daily mean temperature [°C] for the period 1991-2020 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Figure 16: Differences in seasonal means of daily mean temperature [°C] for Dec 1999-Nov 2000 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Precipitation
Figure 17 shows the difference in the annual mean climatology of daily precipitation for the period 1991-2020 between E-OBS versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e. Figure 18 shows the seasonal mean differences between these two versions for the period Dec 1999 – Nov 2000.
Figure 17: Difference in annual mean climatology of daily precipitation [mm/day] for the period 1991-2020 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Figure 18: Differences in seasonal means of daily precipitation [mm/day] for Dec 1999-Nov 2000 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Sea level pressure
Figure 19 shows the difference in the annual mean climatology of daily mean sea level pressure for the period 1991-2020 between E-OBS versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e. Figure 20 shows the seasonal mean differences between these two versions for the period Dec 1999 – Nov 2000.
Figure 19: Difference in annual mean climatology of daily mean sea level pressure [hPa] for the period 1991-2020 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Figure 20: Differences in seasonal means of daily mean sea level pressure [hPa] for Dec 1999-Nov 2000 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Radiation
Figure 21 shows the difference in the annual mean climatology of daily mean global radiation for the period 1991-2020 between E-OBS versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e. Figure 22 shows the seasonal mean differences between these two versions for the period Dec 1999 – Nov 2000.
Figure 21: Difference in annual mean climatology of daily mean global radiation [W/m2] for the period 1991-2020 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Figure 22: Differences in seasonal means of daily mean global radiation [W/m2] for Dec 1999-Nov 2000 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Relative humidity
Figure 23 shows the difference in the annual mean climatology of daily mean relative humidity for the period 1991-2020 between E-OBS versions
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29.0e and
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28.0e. Figure 24 shows the seasonal mean differences between these two versions for the period Dec 1999 – Nov 2000.
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Figure 23: Difference in annual mean climatology of daily mean relative humidity [%] for the period 1991-2020 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Figure 24: Differences in seasonal means of daily mean relative humidity [%] for Dec 1999-Nov 2000 between versions 2829.0e and 2728.0e.
Wind speed
As E-OBSv29.0e does not have radiation ready at the time of writing (8 March 2024), the figures below show still the differences between v28.0e and v27.0e. Figure 25 shows the difference in the annual mean climatology of daily mean wind speed for the period 1991-2020 between E-OBS versions 28.0e and 27.0e. Figure 26 shows the seasonal mean differences between these two versions for the period Dec 1999 – Nov 2000.
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