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Within each grid box lake or shallow coastal waters are treated as a further HTESSEL tile.  Its influence is proportional to the coverage of water.

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Shallow coastal waters are difficult for the oceanic models (NEMO4NEMO) to analyse or forecast.  Heat, moisture and momentum fluxes are evaluated according to the proportion of the area of the grid box that is covered by open water.  Where there is:

• more than 50% sea water cover then fluxes are dealt with by NEMO4 NEMO.
• more than 50% water cover, but the bodies of water are classed as lakes, then the HTESSEL "tile" is considered as "lakes and coastal waters" and fluxes are evaluated by FLake.
• less than 50% water cover, any sea is classed as a lake and the HTESSEL "tile" is considered as "lakes and coastal waters" and fluxes are evaluated by FLake (as if it were a salty water lake).

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• Read more information on the background of FLake.
• Read more on the impact of lakes on the ECMWF surface scheme or on lakes in weather prediction or a discussion of the impact of interactive lakes in the IFS (pages 30-34).
• Read more in depth information on the contribution of lakes in predicting near-surface temperature in NWP.
  
  
• Other sources of information on FLake (external to ECMWF) are at:
• https://wgne.net/bluebook/uploads/2017/docs/09_Balsamo_Gianpaolo_CouplingOceansLandECMWF.pdf
• https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/6/723

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