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Sometimes satellite-derived sea-surface temperatures are shown over lakes or over model land areas near the coast.  These are set to the FLake model mixed layer temperature.  This gives a much smoother field than Cy48 and earlier, helping to give much more realistic values around coastlines.   

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Real time assimilation of sea-surface temperature is made using ORTS6, constrained by analyses received daily from the Met Office (OSTIA, 5 km resolution).  Sea-surface temperature is taken from a forecast made by coupling the NEMO ocean model to the IFS.  In this case, the sea-surface temperature is the average temperature of the uppermost metre of the ocean and does exhibit diurnal variations.

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Throughout the forecast period, NEMO (and the SI3 subprogram within it which deals with sea-ice evolution), predicts changes in the sea-surface temperature.  Output is used interactively by all IFS atmospheric models.

Sea-ice

The SI3 sub-program of NEMO deals with the dynamic and thermodynamic evolution of sea-ice cover.

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Sea ice cover evolves according to the sea-ice model SI3.  In general the SI3 sea ice model tends:

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The averages hide a lot of features and the bias in ice thickness in SI3 is not uniform.

Incorrect ice analysis and/or forecast near coasts can give anomalous 2m temperatures at nearby land locations.  Too much ice tends to make land temperatures too cold, too little tends to keep land temperatures nearer sea temperatures.

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• Movement of ice (turquoise) in the northern Gulf of Bothnia  due to the winds.
• Steady rise of sea-surface temperatures in the Black Sea, and especially in the shallow waters of both the Sea of Azov and the northern Caspian Sea.   In the White Sea (east of Finland, top of plot) sea-ice cover is less than the climatological average for this time of year.  Using these plots, the user can assess where sea-ice cover is above/below average.

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