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mef: forecast bias, mean of the errors between forecast F and the verifying reference O:

\text{mef}=\overline{F-O}

sdef: standard deviation of the forecast error:

\text{sdef}=\sqrt{\overline{\left[(F-O)-\overline{F-O}\right]^2}}

rmsef: square root of the mean square error of the forecast:

\text{rmsef}=\sqrt{\overline{(F-O)^2}}

Europe

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Global

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Tropics

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Arctic

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