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Table 1: Total Solar Irradiance space instruments (acronyms definitions in footnote). The instruments used in the C3S v3.0 and v3.1 daily TSI composite are highlighted in bold.Anchor table1 table1
Instrument 1 | Platform(s) | Used | Operation period(s) | References |
TCFM | Mariner-6 & 7 | No | 1969 | Plamondon (1969) |
ERB | Nimbus 6 | No | 1975 | Hickey et al (1976) |
Nimbus 7 | Yes | 1978 - 1993 | Hickey et al (1980) | |
ACRIM 1 | SMM | Yes | 1980-1989 | Willson et al. (1980) |
Solcon 1 | Spacelab 1 | No | 1983 | Crommelynck et al (1987) |
ERBE | ERBS | Yes | 1984-2003 | ERBE (1986) |
NOAA-9 | Yes | 1985-1989 | ||
ACRIM 2 | UARS | Yes | 1991-2001 | Willson (1994) |
Solcon 2 | Atlas 1 | No | 1992 | Crommelynck et al (1994) |
Sova 1 | Eureca | No | 1992-1993 | |
Sova 2 | Eureca | No | 1992-1993 | Romero et al. (1994) |
ISP-2 | Meteor-3 No 7 | No | 1994 | Sklyarov et al. (1996) |
DIARAD/VIRGO | SOHO | Yes | 1996-present | Dewitte et al. (2004) |
PMO06V-A/VIRGO | SOHO | Yes | 1996-present | Froehlich et al. (1997) |
ACRIM 3 | ACRIMSAT | Yes | 2000-2014 | Willson et al. (2003) |
TIM | SORCE | Yes | 2003-2020 | Kopp et al. (2005) |
DIARAD/SOVIM | ISS | No | 2008 | Mekaoui et al. (2010) |
SIM | FY 3A | No | 2008-2015 | Fang et al. (2014) |
SOVA | Picard | Yes | 2010-2014 | Dewitte et al. (2013a) |
PREMOS | Picard | Yes | 2010-2014 | Schmutz et al. (2012) |
SIM | FY 3B | No | 2011-present | Fang et al. (2014) |
TIM | TCTE | Yes | 2013-2019 | Kopp et al. (2016) |
SIM | FY 3C | No | 2013-present | Wang et al. (2017) |
TIM | TSIS-1 | Yes | 2018- present | Kopp, G. (2020), |
CLARA | NorSat | No | 2018- present | Walter et al. (2017) |
DARA | PROBA-3 | No | To be launched |
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It is possible to estimate the TSI as a regression against proxies coming from Sun observations such as the Sunspot number. Currently, the most used regression models are: (i) the Spectral And Total Irradiance Reconstructions (SATIRE-S, Yeo et al., 2014a and 2014b) and (ii) model is: the version 2 of the Naval Research Laboratory’s (NRL) solar variability models for Total Solar Irradiance (NRLTSI2, Coddington et al., 2015, 2016). The last one is used as This dataset is the official daily TSI record by of the NOAA CDR program. A semi-empirical approach is also possible, as in the SATIRE-S model (Yeo et al., 2014a and 2014b). Specifically, SATIRE-S derives the distribution of the magnetic features on the solar surface from full-disc solar magnetograms and continuum images, whereby the brightness of these various features is computed using a radiative transfer code from the corresponding semi-empirical solar model atmospheres. In that sense, the TSI variability in SATIRE-S is actually independent of TSI measurements. There are different uses of the SATIRE-S and NRLTSI2 models in this ATBD:
• They are used for the quality check of the 12 individual timeseries (Section 2.2), in particular to check the record’s temporal stability and, for some records, define observation periods to be excluded from the composite (usually at beginning or end of mission). The models can also help in detecting outliers in early instruments timeseries.
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• The NRLTSI2 record is explicitly not used when constructing the C3S v3.0 and v3.1 daily TSI composites, so it can be used as independent source for the validation (see methodology and results in PQAD [D3] and PQAR [D5] documents).
2.1.1 SATIRE-S
The SATIRE-S (Spectral And Total Irradiance Reconstructions, Yeo et al, 2014a and 2014b) is a reconstruction of the TSI over the 1974-present-day period using full-disc magnetograms and continuum images of the Sun. It uses the data from the National Solar Observatory Photospheric magnetogram (NSO KP) (1974-1999), SOHO/ Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) (1999-2009) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) (since 2010). These observations allow for the estimation of the fractional coverage of: quiet Sun, sunspot umbrae, sunspot penumbrae, faculae and network. A regression between these indices and the TSI is then derived and used in the reconstruction. The SATIRE-S data starts on 23rd August 1974 and provides data until 8th July 2023 (at time of writing). New data are regularly added to the timeseries.
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SATIRE-S | ||||||||
Full name: Spectral And Total Irradiance Reconstructions | ||||||||
Organization: Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPI for Solar System Research) | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
23.08.1974 – 08.07.2023 | 01.01.1979 – 06.11.1980 | Set to 1.00015 | ||||||
Data availability | C3S Data availability (filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
100% | 100% (100%) | Set to 0.5 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 1: SATIRE-S daily TSI values (grey) and 121-days running mean (horizontal line at 1360.75 W/m² to illustrate the change in solar minima). | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE: http://www2.mps.mpg.de/projects/sun-climate/data_body.html | ||||||||
References: Yeo et al. (2014a), Yeo et al. (2014b). | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.1.2 NRLTSI2
NRLTSI2 is the version 2 of the Naval Research Laboratory’s (NRL) solar variability models for Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). This CDR was created at the Space Science Division of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in collaboration with the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) of the University of Colorado. The NRLTSI2 CDR is published as part of the NOAA CDR Program and is documented by Coddington et al. (2015, 2016). In this model, the daily TSI is estimated from the observation of the bright faculae and the dark sunspots on the solar disk. A linear regression between these proxies of solar activity and the TIM/SORCE TSI was established and used in the reconstruction. The model assumes a quiet Sun TSI of 1360.45 W/m² (Kopp and Lean, 2011) as estimated from the TIM/SORCE measurement at solar minimum. The reconstruction starts on 1st January 1882 and provides data until 31st December 2022 (at time of writing). New data are regularly added to the timeseries, on a quarterly basis.
NRLTSI2 | ||||||||
Full name: Naval Research Laboratory Total Solar Irradiance version 2 | ||||||||
Organization: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
01.01.1882 – 31.12.2022 | Not used in the composite | (not applicable) | ||||||
Data availability | C3S Data availability (filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
100% | 100% (100%) | (not applicable) | ||||||
Figure 2: NRLTSI2 daily values (grey) and 121-days running mean (horizontal line at 1360.45 W/m² to illustrate the stability of the solar minima). Only data onward of 1976 are shown. | ||||||||
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References: Coddington et al. (2015), Coddington et al. (2016). | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.1.3 SATIRE-S / NRLTSI2 intercomparison
Figure 3 shows the SATIRE-S and NRLTSI2 timeseries over the 1975 – 2022 time period. The 2 models show very close agreement over solar cycle 23 (1996 – 2008) but otherwise exhibit significant differences, especially in the level of the solar minima in 1986, 1996 and 2019.
Anchor figure3 figure3
Figure 3: Timeseries of SATIRE-S (red) and NRLTSI2 (black) TSI reconstruction models after 121-days running mean. The daily NRLTSI2 values are shown in grey. Horizontal line at 1360.75 W/m² illustrates the change in solar minima.
Anchor section2-2 section2-2
2.2 TSI timeseries
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Summaries of the 12 instruments used for the C3S daily TSI composite are shown in following tables. Each table specifies the full name, organization responsible of the data/instrument, period of time in which the TSI data is available and period of time used in the C3S composite. The percentages of data availabilities are provided for the original record, as well as after gap filling. The C3S adjustment factor and noise level are also provided (see Sections 3.1 and 3.2). An illustration of the original data is shown, the source of the original data is provided and notes specific to each instrument are listed, including identified “outliers” for some input timeseries.
Note about the graphs in Figure 4 to Figure 15 : the graphs show the timeseries of the satellite record (in green the daily and orange the 121-days running mean) after rescaling to the C3S record (in black). The NRLTSI2 data is also shown (in brown) after a rescaling on the same overlap period. The parts of the satellite record which are discarded in the C3S composite are in red (daily) and blue (121-days running mean).
2.2.1 ERB on NIMBUS7
ERB on Nimbus 7 | ||||||||
Full name: Earth Radiation Budget on NIMBUS7 | ||||||||
Organization: NASA / NOAA | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
16.11.1978 – 13/12/1993 | 01.01.1981 – 31.12.1989 | 0.992447 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
83.24% | 89.45% (100% ) | 0.318 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 4: (rescaled) ERB timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. The parts discarded are in red and blue. | ||||||||
References: Hickey et al. (1980) | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.2.2 ACRIM1 on SMM
ACRIM1 on SMM | ||||||||
Full name: Active Cavity Radiometry Irradiance Monitor on Solar Maximum Mission | ||||||||
Organization: NASA | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
16.02.1980 – 14.07.1989 | 07.11.1980 – 14.07.1989 | 0.995568 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
90.14 % | 90.00% (97.96%) | 0.270 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 5: (rescaled) ACRIM1 timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. The parts discarded are in red and blue. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE 2 : http://acrim.com/RESULTS/data/acrim1/acrim1_hdr.rtf | ||||||||
References : Willson et al. (1981) | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.2.3 ERBS
ERBS | ||||||||
Full name: Earth Radiation Budget Satellite solar monitor | ||||||||
Organization: NOAA | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
17.12.1984 – 23.04.2003 | 02.07.1987 - 06.02.2001 | 0.997149 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
98.46% | 97.93% ( 100%) | 0.270 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 6: ERBS timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. The parts discarded are in red and blue. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE 3 : An application, such as FileZilla, WinSCP or Wget, might be needed to open FTP sites.: ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/STP/SOLAR_DATA/SOLAR_IRRADIANCE/ERBS2003.TXT | ||||||||
References: ERBE (1986) | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.2.4 ACRIM2
ACRIM2 | ||||||||
Full name: Active Cavity Radiometry Irradiance Monitor on Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite | ||||||||
Organization: NASA | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
04.10.1991 – 05.05.2001 | 04.10.1991 – 05.05.2001 | 0.997821 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
93.35% | 93.35% (100%) | 0.215 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 7: (rescaled) ACRIM2 timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. The parts discarded are in red and blue. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE 4 : http://acrim.com/RESULTS/data/acrim2/dayu2deg_ts_0110041651_hdr.txt | ||||||||
References: Willson (1994) | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.2.5 DIARAD / VIRGO on SOHO
DIARAD / VIRGO on SOHO | ||||||||
Full name: Differential Absolute Radiometer on Variability of Irradiance and Gravity Oscillations | ||||||||
Organization: RMIB | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
18.01.1996 - present | 01.01.1997 – present | 0.996449 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
93.95% | 93.78% (98.33%) | 0.121 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 8: (rescaled) DIARAD timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. The parts discarded are in red and blue. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE 5 : http://remotesensing.oma.be/meteo/view/en/3385923-diarad.level2.web.html | ||||||||
References: Dewitte et al. (2004) | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.2.6 PMO06 on VIRGO
PMO06 on VIRGO | ||||||||
Full name: Physikalich Meteorologisches Observatorium version 06 | ||||||||
Organization: Physikalich-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
21.02.1996 – 13.05.2022 | 01.01.1997 – 13.05.2022 | 1.000181 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
97.87% | 97.83% (98.88%) | 0.173 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 9: PMO06 timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. The parts discarded are in red and blue. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE 6 : ftp://ftp.pmodwrc.ch/pub/data/irradiance/virgo/TSI/VIRGO_TSI_Daily_V8_20230728.zip | ||||||||
References: Froehlich et al. 1997 | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.2.7 ACRIM3
ACRIM3 | ||||||||
Full name: Active Cavity Radiometry Irradiance Monitor on ACRIMSAT | ||||||||
Organization: NASA | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
05.04.2000-05.03.2013 | 05.04.2000-05.03.2013 | 1.000078 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
97.44% | 97.44% (100%) | 0.126 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 10: (rescaled) ACRIM3 timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. Some outliers are in red. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE 7 : http://acrim.com/RESULTS/data/acrim3/daya2sddeg_ts4_Nov_2013_hdr.txt | ||||||||
References: Willson et al. (2003) | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.2.8 TIM on SORCE
TIM on SORCE | ||||||||
Full name: Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) on SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) | ||||||||
Organization: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
25.02.2003 – 25.02.2020 | (All) | 1.000256 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
94.72% | 94.72% (96.62%) | 0.089 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 11: (rescaled) TIM/SORCE timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE: http://lasp.colorado.edu/data/sorce/tsi_data/daily/sorce_tsi_L3_c24h_latest.txt | ||||||||
References : Kopp et al. (2005) | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.2.9 SOVA on Picard
SOVA on Picard | ||||||||
Full name: SOlar VAriability Experiment on Picard | ||||||||
Organization: RMIB | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
27.08.2010 – 03.11.2013 | 27.08.2010 – 03.11.2013 | 0.999345 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
80.43% | 80.43% (100%) | 0.145 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 12: (rescaled) SOVA/Picard timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE: http://idoc-picard.ias.u-psud.fr:8182/sitools/upload/sovap-data.dat | ||||||||
Reference : Dewitte et al. (2013a) | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.2.10 PREMOS on Picard
PREMOS on Picard | ||||||||
Full name: Precision Monitor Sensor on Picard | ||||||||
Organization: Physikalich-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
27.07.2010 – 20.08.2013 | 27.07.2010 – 20.08.2013 | 1.000256 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
90.19% | 90.19% ( 100%) | 0.086 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 13: (rescaled) PREMOS timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE: (daily and hourly data, see note here after) | ||||||||
References : Schmutz et al. (2012) | ||||||||
Notes:
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2.2.11 TIM on TCTE
TIM on TCTE | ||||||||
Full name: Total Irradiance Monitoring on Total Solar Irradiance Calibration Transfer Experiment | ||||||||
Organization: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | C3S adjustment factor | ||||||
16.12.2013 – 15.05.2019 | 16.12.2013 – 15.05.2019 | 0.999771 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
83.46% | 83.46% (93.98%) | 0.092 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 14: (rescaled) TIM/TCTE timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE: http://lasp.colorado.edu/data/sorce/tsi_data/daily/sorce_tsi_L3_c24h_latest.txt | ||||||||
References : Kopp et al. (2016), (TCTE 2014) | ||||||||
Notes and references:
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2.2.12 TIM on TSIS-1
TIM on TSIS-1 | ||||||||
Full name: Total Irradiance Monitor on TSIS | ||||||||
Organization: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics | ||||||||
Period covered | C3S period selected | adjustment factor | ||||||
11.01.2018 – present | 11.01.2018 – present | 0.999535 | ||||||
Data availability | Data availability (gap filled) | C3S estimated noise level | ||||||
86.30% | 86.30% (100%) | 0.076 W/m² | ||||||
Figure 15: (rescaled) TIM/TSIS-1 timeseries (green and orange) with C3S CDR (black) and NRLTSI2 (brown) models. | ||||||||
DATA SOURCE: http://lasp.colorado.edu/data/tsis/tsi_data/tsis_tsi_L3_c24h_latest.txt (version 4 is used) | ||||||||
References : Kopp (2020) | ||||||||
Notes:
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As some instruments (PREMOS and SOVAP) have not observed during low activity periods, it is decided to use the ‘RMS max’ column as an estimation of the instrument precision. For the ERBS timeseries, the estimated precision is not realistic (due to the use of SATIRE-S in the gap filling). It is then decided to use the ACRIM1 precision as estimate for the ERBS record, as both missions used the same radiometric cavity.
Table 3: Instrument precision estimated as root mean square (RMS) difference with SATIRE-S. The columns 'max' and 'min' correspond respectively to periods of high and low solar activity. The column ‘all’ does not involve any selection based on solar activity.Anchor table3 table3
| Instruments | RMS max | RMS all | RMS min | ||
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1 | ERB/NIMBUS7 | 0.318 | 0.270 | 0.263 | ||
2 | ACRIM1 | 0.270 | 0.184 | 0.128 | ||
3 | ERBS | (0.039) 0.270 | (0.037) 0.184 | (0.035) 0.128 | ||
4 | ACRIM2 | 0.215 | 0.187 | 0.139 | ||
5 | DIARAD/VIRGO | 0.121 | 0.103 | 0.064 | ||
6 | PMO06/VIRGO | 0.173 | 0.142 | 0.079 | ||
7 | ACRIM3 | 0.126 | 0.111 | 0.064 | ||
8 | TIM/SORCE | 0.089 | 0.071 | 0.035 | ||
9 | SOVA/PICARD | 0.145 | 0.145 | - | ||
10 | PREMOS/PICARD | 0.086 | 0.086 | - | ||
11 | TIM/TCTE | 0.092 | 0.073 | 0.039 | ||
12 | TIM/TSIS-1 | 0.076 | 0.057 | 0.031 |
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Many of the input records have gaps in the daily TSI values. It is the case with the ERB (Nimbus7) and ERBS (ERBE) measurements at the beginning of the composite and also of the TSIS-1 instrument at the end of the composite. In the C3S v3.0 and v3.1 daily TSI composite, a gap filling mechanism is implemented as a preprocessing of the original timeseries. A gap is filled provided it extends over less than 50 days.
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Yeo K.L., Krivova N.A., Solanki S.K. (2014b): Solar cycle variation in solar irradiance, Space Sci. Rev., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-014-0061-7
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This document has been produced in the context of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). The activities leading to these results have been contracted by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, operator of C3S on behalf of the European Union (Delegation Agreement signed on 11/11/2014 and Contribution Agreement signed on 22/07/2021). All information in this document is provided "as is" and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The users thereof use the information at their sole risk and liability. For the avoidance of all doubt , the European Commission and the European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts have no liability in respect of this document, which is merely representing the author's view. |
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