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Some of the datasets available in the CDS are distributed under several catalogues according to different temporal resolutions (hourly, daily, or monthly) or subsets of variables (e.g. single-level or multi-level). To produce the dataset, we used the most convenient catalogue depending on the variable or index (see Table 2) following the main principle that groups of main variables and derived indices (e.g. maximum temperature and number of days with maximum temperature over 35°C) should be based on the same catalogue. For instance, maximum temperature (TX) is required at daily temporal resolution to compute derived indices; therefore, for ERA5, the catalogue with hourly data (Reanalysis-era5-single-levels) was selected for this variable (and others), whereas the catalogue with monthly data (Reanalysis-era5-land-monthly-means) was selected for other variables, such as RLDS (surface_downwelling_longwave_radiation), which do not require daily data. Color codes in Table 1 indicate different temporal resolutions of the raw datasets available on the CDS catalogues (hourly: green, daily: blue and monthly: purple).
Table 1: Descriptions of the datasets and CDS catalogue entries used. Color codes indicate the different temporal resolutions (hourly: green, daily: blue and monthly: purple) of the datasets available in the CDS catalogues (one or several for each catalogue). The column “horizontal resolution” indicates the grids used for the different datasets (products regridded to the common regular sub-grids: 2°, 1°, 0.5°, 0.25°, 0.125°, are indicated with an asterisk).
Project | Datasets | Horizontal resolution | Time period | CDS-catalogues |
CMIP6 | CMIP6 | 1° (*) | Historical: 1850 - 2014 Scenarios: 2015 - 2100 | Projections-cmip6 [daily/monthly] |
CMIP5 | CMIP5 | 2° (*) | Historical: 1850 - 2005 Scenarios: 2006 - 2100 | Projections-cmip5-daily-single-levels [daily] Projections-cmip5-monthly-single-levels [monthly] |
CORDEX | CORDEX-CORE | 0.25° (*) | Historical: 1970 - 2005 Scenarios: 2006 - 2100 | Projections-cordex-domains-single-levels [daily/monthly] |
CORDEX-EUR-11 | 0.125° (*) | Historical: 1970 - 2005 Scenarios: 2006 - 2100 | ||
ERA5 | ERA5 | 0.25° | 1940 - 2022 | Reanalysis-era5-single-levels [hourly] Reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means [monthly] |
ERA5-Land | ERA5-Land | 0.1° | 1950 - 2022 | Reanalysis-era5-land [hourly] Reanalysis-era5-land-monthly-means [monthly] |
E-OBS | E-OBS | 0.125° (*) | 1950 - 2021 | Insitu-gridded-observations-europe (0.1.deg) [daily] |
ORAS5 | ORAS5 | 0.25° (*) | 1958 - 2014 | Reanalysis-oras5 (consolidated, single levels) [daily] |
Data harmonization across the different datasets and catalogues is crucial in this contract. For instance, ERA5 and ERA5-Land do not provide directly daily data, so this have to be computed aggregating the hourly values. However, both datasets follow different conventions for coding hourly data (ERA5 provides hourly accumulated values whereas ERA5-Land provides accumulated values since the beginning of the forecast, at 00 for a period of 24 hours) and require different post-processing to obtain daily values https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=197702790 . This needs to be taken into account when harmonizing the different datasets in order to obtain a standard common definition and units for each of the variables (Sec. 2.3).
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Table 2 shows the set of 30 variables/indices included in the dataset. This dataset includes the 21 climate variables and indices included in the original IPCC Atlas gridded monthly dataset, as well as 9 additional variables (the new variables are indicated with "*" after the sequence number). Color codes are included for variables/indices characterizing different Climatic Impact Driver (CID) categories: heat and cold (red), wet and dry (blue), wind and radiation (black), snow and ice (violet), coastal and open ocean (blue), circulation (grey). Italics indicates the indices derived from other variables (see Table 4).
Table 2: Description of the 21 climate variables and indices included in the IPCC Interactive Atlas, as well as the additional 9 new ones for the first version of the C3S Interactive Atlas dataset (indicated with "*" after the sequence number). Color codes are included for variables/indices characterizing different Climatic Impact Driver (CID) categories: heat and cold (red), wet and dry (green), wind and radiation (black), snow and ice (violet), coastal and open ocean (blue), circulation (grey). Italics indicates the indices derived from other variables (Table 4).
CID category | # | Code | Index | Units |
heat and cold | 1 | t | Monthly mean of daily mean temperature | °C |
2 | tn | Monthly mean of daily minimum temperature | °C | |
3 | tx | Monthly mean of daily maximum temperature | °C | |
4 | tnn | Monthly minimum of daily minimum temperature | °C | |
5 | txx | Monthly maximum of daily maximum temperature | °C | |
6 | tx35 | Monthly count of days with maximum temperature above 35°C | 1 | |
7 | tx35ba | Monthly count of days with bias adjusted maximum temperature above 35°C | 1 | |
8 | tx40 | Monthly count of days with maximum temperature above 40°C | 1 | |
9 | tx40ba | Monthly count of days with bias adjusted maximum temperature above 40°C | 1 | |
10 | fd | Monthly count of frost days | 1 | |
11 | hd | Annual heating degree-days | °C day | |
12 | cd | Annual cooling degree-days | °C day | |
wet and dry | 13 | pr | Monthly mean of daily accumulated precipitation | mm |
14 | rx1day | Monthly maximum of 1-day accumulated precipitation | mm | |
15 | rx5day | Monthly maximum of 5-day accumulated precipitation | mm | |
16 | cdd | Annual consecutive dry days | days | |
17 | spi6 | Monthly Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for 6 months cumulation period | 1 | |
18* | spei6 | Monthly Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for 6 months cumulation period | 1 | |
19* | huss | Monthly near surface specific humidity | 1 | |
20* | evspsbl | Monthly evaporation including sublimation and transpiration | mm | |
21* | mrsos | Monthly soil moisture in upper soil portion | kg m-2 | |
22* | mrro | Monthly total runoff | mm | |
snow and ice | 23 | prsn | Monthly mean of daily accumulated snowfall precipitation | mm |
24 | siconc | Monthly mean of sea-ice area percentage | % | |
wind and radiation | 25 | sfcwind | Monthly mean of daily mean wind speed | m s-1 |
26* | clt | Monthly fraction of cloud cover | % | |
27* | rsds | Monthly surface solar radiation downwards | W m-2 | |
28* | rlds | Monthly surface thermal radiation downwards | W m-2 | |
ocean | 29 | sst | Monthly mean of sea surface temperature | °C |
circulation | 30* | psl | Monthly sea level pressure | Pa |
Table 3 shows the variables from Table 2 which are calculated for the different datasets (see Table 1). Note that bias adjusted indices are not computed for reanalysis/observational datasets, but only for climate projections (CMIP6 and CORDEX-EUR-11 by now). In the case of CMIP5, the only variables/indices considered are those included in the IPCC Atlas gridded monthly dataset due to the complex harmonization required for some of the new variables, which makes comparison across datasets difficult and potentially misleading.
Table 3. Description of variables/indices calculated for the different datasets. Data not available is indicated by 'N/A' and data not considered is indicated by 'N/C'. (*) Indicates variables not considered due to lack of data (only available for a reduced subset).
Code | CMIP6 | CMIP5 | CORDEX- | CORDEX- | ERA5 | ERA5- | E-OBS | ORAS5 |
t | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
tn | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
tx | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
tnn | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
txx | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
tx35 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
tx35ba | X | N/C | X | N/C | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
tx40 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
tx40ba | X | N/C | X | N/C | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
fd | X | N/C | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
hd | X | N/C | N/C | N/C | X | X | X | N/A |
cd | X | N/C | N/C | N/C | X | X | X | N/A |
pr | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
rx1day | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
rx5day | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
cdd | X | N/C | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
spi6 | X | N/C | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
spei6 | X | N/C | N/C | N/C | X | N/C | X | N/A |
huss | X | N/C | X | X | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
evspsbl | X | N/C | X | X | X | X | N/A | N/A |
mrsos | X | N/C | N/A | N/A | X | X | N/A | N/A |
mrro | X | N/A | X | N/A | X | X | N/A | N/A |
prsn | X | X | N/A | N/A | X | X | N/A | N/A |
siconc | X | N/C | N/A | N/A | X | N/A | N/A | X |
sfcwind | X | X | X | X | X | N/C | X | N/A |
clt | X | N/C | X | N/A (*) | X | N/A | N/A | N/A |
rsds | X | N/C | X | X | X | X | X | N/A |
rlds | X | N/C | X | X | X | X | N/A | N/A |
sst | X | N/C | N/A | N/A | X | N/A | N/A | X |
psl | X | N/C | X | N/A (*) | X | N/A | X | N/A |
2.3. Harmonization of variables across catalogues
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Besides the name and unit standardization described in Table 2, the harmonization pre-processing implements calendar conversion (standard calendar7) and standard coordinate system (using -180 to 180), as described in D381.1.3.1 (Section 2.3). Moreover, the variables and indices calculated from these datasets are interpolated to common grids to form the final dataset.
Table 4: Harmonization work across the different catalogues carried out for the variables of the dataset. Color codes indicate the temporal resolutions used for the different datasets available in the CDS catalogues, which correspond to the colors indicated in Table 1 (green for hourly, blue for daily and purple for monthly). Unit harmonization (when needed) is indicated with "==>".
Code | Standard name and (units) | From raw input data to harmonized results (standard units) |
t | near_surface_air_temperature | CMIP6: near_surface_air_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C) |
tn | daily_minimum_near_surface_air_temperature | CMIP6: daily_minimum_near_surface_air_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C) |
tx | daily_maximum_near_surface_air_temperature | CMIP6: daily_maximum_near_surface_air_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C) |
Pr | precipitation | CMIP6: precipitation (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (mm) |
huss | near_surface_specific_humidity | CMIP6: near_surface_specific_humidity (1) |
evspsbl | evaporation_inc_sublimation_and_transpiration | CMIP6: evaporation_including_sublimation_and_transpiration (kg m-2 s-1) ==>*86400 (mm) |
mrsos | mass_content_of_water_in_soil | CMIP6: moisture_in_upper_portion_of_soil_column (kg m-2) |
mrro | runoff_amount | CMIP6: total_runoff (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (kg m-2) |
prsn | snowfall_flux | CMIP6: snowfall_flux (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (mm) |
siconc | sea_ice_area_percentage_on_ocean_grid | CMIP6: sea_ice_area_percentage_on_ocean_grid (%) |
sfcwind | near_surface_wind_speed | CMIP6: near_surface_wind_speed (m s-1) |
clt | total_cloud_cover_percentage | CMIP6: total_cloud_cover_percentage (%) |
rsds | surface_downwelling_shortwave_radiation | CMIP6: surface_downwelling_shortwace_radiation (W m-2) |
rlds | surface_downwelling_longwave_radiation | CMIP6: surface_downwelling_longwave_radiation (W m-2) |
sst | sea_surface_temperature | CMIP6: sea_surface_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C) |
psl | sea_level_pressure | CMIP6: sea_level_pressure (Pa) |
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7 Mixed Gregorian/Julian calendar as defined by UDUNITS. A deprecated alternative name for this calendar is gregorian. In this calendar, date/times after (and including) 1582-10-15 0:0:0 are in the Gregorian calendar, in which a year is a leap year if either ( i) it is divisible by 4 but not by 100 or (ii) it is divisible by 400. |
2.4. Available ensembles for climate projection products
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Figure 4: Spatial coverage of the CORDEX-CORE simulations (displaying near-term temperature change for RCP8.5 relative to 1961-1990),
Table 5: CORDEX simulations for the different domains used to build the CORDEX-CORE dataset (note that EUR-11 simulations are upscaled to the global 0.22 grid). Empty cells indicate that the default versions for the two RCMs (RegCM4_7 and REMO2015) are used. Different versions and/or backup GCMs are indicated in the table.
AFR-22 | AUS-22 | CAM-22 | EAS-22 | EUR-11 | NAM-22 | SAM -22 | SEA-22 | WAS-22 | |
MOHC_HadGEM2-ES_REMO | |||||||||
MOHC_HadGEM2-ES_RegCM | v4-4_v0 | v4-6_v1 | v4-4-rc8 | MIROC5 | |||||
MPI-M_MPI-ESM-LR_REMO | r3i1p1 | ||||||||
MPI-M_MPI-ESM-MR_RegCM | v4-4_v0 | MPI-LR | MPI-LRv4-4-rc8 | v4-7_v0 | |||||
NCC_NorESM1-M_REMO | |||||||||
NCC_NorESM1-M_RegCM | GFDL | v4-4_v0 | v4-6_v1 | GFDLv4-4-rc8 | v4-7_v0 |
Figure 5: Final ensemble used in the "Copernicus Interactive Climate Atlas gridded monthly dataset" with the different models (in rows) for the different variables (in columns) for the CORDEX-CORE dataset. Colors indicate the different scenarios available in the CDS (see Table 5 for the specific configuration of the global mosaic).
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The following table details the changes (and dates, in chronological order) that this document has undergone.
Date | Changes description |
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C3S Atlas V1.1 |
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C3S Atlas V1.0 | First version of the document published together with the C3S Atlas launch (first version, v1.0), before the dataset is available in the CDS. This document serves as documentation for both the dataset and the C3S Atlas. |
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This document has been produced in the context of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). The activities leading to these results have been contracted by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, operator of C3S on behalf of the European Union (Delegation Agreement signed on 11/11/2014 and Contribution Agreement signed on 22/07/2021). All information in this document is provided "as is" and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The users thereof use the information at their sole risk and liability. For the avoidance of all doubt , the European Commission and the European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts have no liability in respect of this document, which is merely representing the author's view |
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