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| Fig. 1 Zonal mean temperature of the final ERA5 HRES product (contours) and zonal mean temperature difference for the final ERA5 HRES product minus the warm up (colours), for October to December 2009. The vertical coordinate is pressure of the model levels. | Fig. 2 Zonal mean temperature of the final ERA-Interim product (contours) and zonal mean temperature difference for the final ERA-Interim product minus the warm up (colours), for October to December 2009. The vertical coordinate is pressure of the model levels. | Fig. 3 Zonal mean temperature of the final ERA5 EDA control (contours) and zonal mean EDA ensemble spread of temperature for the final ERA5 EDA (colours), for September to November 2009. The vertical coordinate is pressure of the model levels. |
Fig. 1 shows the ERA5 zonal mean temperature (contours) and difference between the final product and the warm up (colours), for the last three months of the overlap year, October to December 2009. In the troposphere and lower stratosphere, between 1000 hPa and 10 hPa, the differences are small (less than 0.2 K). From the mid-stratosphere to the stratopause (from 10 hPa to 1 hPa), the differences are larger, but generally below 2 K, except near the equator at about 1 hPa where the final product is more than 2K warmer than the warm up. In the mesosphere (from 1 hPa to 0.01 hPa), the final product is generally more than 2 K colder than the warm up near the equator, and its more than 5 K colder at about 0.05 hPa. In addition, this colder region spreads into the northern hemisphere near 0.5 hPa, and the southern hemisphere above 0.05 hPa. Differences of more than 2 K, but of different signs, are also apparent in both polar regions above about 0.3 hPa.
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