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...

Some of the datasets available in the CDS are distributed under several catalogues according to different temporal resolutions (hourly, daily, or monthly) or subsets of variables (e.g. single-level or multi-level). To produce the dataset, we used the most convenient catalogue depending on the variable or index (see Table 2) following the main principle that groups of main variables and derived indices (e.g. maximum temperature and number of days with maximum temperature over 35°C) should be based on the same catalogue. For instance, maximum temperature (TX) is required at daily temporal resolution to compute derived indices; therefore, for ERA5, the catalogue with hourly data (Reanalysis-era5-single-levels) was  selected for this variable (and others), whereas the catalogue with monthly data (Reanalysis-era5-land-monthly-means) was selected for other variables, such as RLDS (surface_downwelling_longwave_radiation), which do not require daily data. Color codes in Table 1 indicate different temporal resolutions of the raw datasets available on the CDS catalogues (hourly: green, daily: blue and monthly: purple).

Table 1: Descriptions of the datasets and CDS catalogue entries used. Color codes indicate the different temporal resolutions (hourly: green, daily: blue and monthly: purple) of the datasets available in the CDS catalogues (one or several for each catalogue). The column “horizontal resolution” indicates the grids used for the different datasets (products regridded to the common regular sub-grids: 2°, 1°, 0.5°, 0.25°, 0.125°, are indicated with an asterisk).

Project

Datasets

Horizontal resolution

Time period

CDS-catalogues

CMIP6

CMIP6

1° (*)

Historical: 1850 - 2014

Scenarios: 2015 - 2100

Projections-cmip6 [daily/monthly]

CMIP5

CMIP5

2° (*)

Historical: 1850 - 2005

Scenarios: 2006 - 2100

Projections-cmip5-daily-single-levels [daily]

Projections-cmip5-monthly-single-levels [monthly]

CORDEX

CORDEX-CORE

0.25° (*)

Historical: 1970 - 2005

Scenarios: 2006 - 2100

Projections-cordex-domains-single-levels [daily/monthly]

CORDEX-EUR-11

0.125° (*)

Historical: 1970 - 2005

Scenarios: 2006 - 2100

ERA5

ERA5

0.25°

1940 - 2022

Reanalysis-era5-single-levels [hourly]

Reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means [monthly]

ERA5-Land

ERA5-Land

0.1°

1950 - 2022

Reanalysis-era5-land [hourly]

Reanalysis-era5-land-monthly-means [monthly]

E-OBS

E-OBS

0.125° (*)

1950 - 2021

Insitu-gridded-observations-europe (0.1.deg) [daily]

ORAS5

ORAS5

0.25° (*)

1958 - 2014

Reanalysis-oras5 (consolidated, single levels) [daily]

Data harmonization across the different datasets and catalogues is crucial in this contract. For instance, ERA5 and ERA5-Land do not provide directly daily data, so this have to be computed aggregating the hourly values. However, both datasets follow different conventions for coding hourly data (ERA5 provides hourly accumulated values whereas ERA5-Land provides accumulated values since the beginning of the forecast, at 00 for a period of 24 hours) and require different post-processing to obtain daily values https://confluence.ecmwf.int/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=197702790 . This needs to be taken into account when harmonizing the different datasets in order to obtain a standard common definition and units for each of the variables (Sec. 2.3).

...

 Table 2 shows the set of 30 variables/indices included in the dataset. This dataset includes the 21 climate variables and indices included in the original IPCC Atlas gridded monthly dataset, as well as 9 additional variables (the new variables are indicated with "*" after the sequence number). Color codes are included for variables/indices characterizing different Climatic Impact Driver (CID) categories: heat and cold (red), wet and dry (blue), wind and radiation (black), snow and ice (violet), coastal and open ocean (blue), circulation (grey). Italics indicates the indices derived from other variables (see Table 4).

Table 2: Description of the 21 climate variables and indices included in the IPCC Interactive Atlas, as well as the additional 9 new ones for the first version of the C3S Interactive Atlas dataset (indicated with "*" after the sequence number). Color codes are included for variables/indices characterizing different Climatic Impact Driver (CID) categories: heat and cold (red), wet and dry (green), wind and radiation (black), snow and ice (violet), coastal and open ocean (blue), circulation (grey). Italics indicates the indices derived from other variables (Table 4).

CID category

#

Code

Index

Units

heat and cold


1

t

Monthly mean of daily mean temperature

°C

2

tn

Monthly mean of daily minimum temperature

°C

3

tx

Monthly mean of daily maximum temperature

°C

4

tnn

Monthly minimum of daily minimum temperature

°C

5

txx

Monthly maximum of daily maximum temperature

°C

6

tx35

Monthly count of days with maximum temperature above 35°C

1

7

tx35ba

Monthly count of days with bias adjusted maximum temperature above 35°C

1

8

tx40

Monthly count of days with maximum temperature above 40°C

1

9

tx40ba

Monthly count of days with bias adjusted maximum temperature above 40°C

1

10

fd

Monthly count of frost days

1

11

hd

Annual heating degree-days

°C day

12

cd

Annual cooling degree-days

°C day

wet and dry


13

pr

Monthly mean of daily accumulated precipitation

mm

14

rx1day

Monthly maximum of 1-day accumulated precipitation

mm

15

rx5day

Monthly maximum of 5-day accumulated precipitation

mm

16

cdd

Annual consecutive dry days

days

17

spi6

Monthly Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for 6 months cumulation period

1

18*

spei6

Monthly Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) for 6 months cumulation period

1

19*

huss

Monthly near surface specific humidity

1

20*

evspsbl

Monthly evaporation including sublimation and transpiration

mm

21*

mrsos

Monthly soil moisture in upper soil portion

kg m-2

22*

mrro

Monthly total runoff

mm

snow and ice


23

prsn

Monthly mean of daily accumulated snowfall precipitation

mm

24

siconc

Monthly mean of sea-ice area percentage

%

wind and radiation

25

sfcwind

Monthly mean of daily mean wind speed

m s-1

26*

clt

Monthly fraction of cloud cover

%

27*

rsds

Monthly surface solar radiation downwards

W m-2

28*

rlds

Monthly surface thermal radiation downwards

W m-2

ocean

29

sst

Monthly mean of sea surface temperature

°C

circulation

30*

psl

Monthly sea level pressure

Pa

Table 3 shows the variables from Table 2 which are calculated for the different datasets (see Table 1). Note that bias adjusted indices are not computed for reanalysis/observational datasets, but only for climate projections (CMIP6 and CORDEX-EUR-11 by now). In the case of CMIP5, the only variables/indices considered are those included in the IPCC Atlas gridded monthly dataset due to the complex harmonization required for some of the new variables, which makes comparison across datasets difficult and potentially misleading.

Table 3. Description of variables/indices calculated for the different datasets. Data not available is indicated by 'N/A' and data not considered is indicated by 'N/C'. (*) Indicates variables not considered due to lack of data (only available for a reduced subset).

Code

CMIP6

CMIP5

CORDEX-
EUR-11

CORDEX-
CORE

ERA5

ERA5-
Land

E-OBS

ORAS5

t

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

tn

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

tx

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

tnn

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

txx

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

tx35

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

tx35ba

X

N/C

X

N/C

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

tx40

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

tx40ba

X

N/C

X

N/C

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

fd

X

N/C

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

hd

X

N/C

N/C

N/C

X

X

X

N/A

cd

X

N/C

N/C

N/C

X

X

X

N/A

pr

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

rx1day

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

rx5day

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

cdd

X

N/C

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

spi6

X

N/C

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

spei6

X

N/C

N/C

N/C

X

N/C

X

N/A

huss

X

N/C

X

X

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

evspsbl

X

N/C

X

X

X

X

N/A

N/A

mrsos

X

N/C

N/A

N/A

X

X

N/A

N/A

mrro

X

N/A

X

N/A

X

X

N/A

N/A

prsn

X

X

N/A

N/A

X

X

N/A

N/A

siconc

X

N/C

N/A

N/A

X

N/A

N/A

X

sfcwind

X

X

X

X

X

N/C

X

N/A

clt

X

N/C

X

N/A (*)

X

N/A

N/A

N/A

rsds

X

N/C

X

X

X

X

X

N/A

rlds

X

N/C

X

X

X

X

N/A

N/A

sst

X

N/C

N/A

N/A

X

N/A

N/A

X

psl

X

N/C

X

N/A (*)

X

N/A

X

N/A

2.3. Harmonization of variables across catalogues

...

Besides the name and unit standardization described in Table 2, the harmonization pre-processing implements calendar conversion (standard calendar7) and standard coordinate system (using -180 to 180), as described in D381.1.3.1 (Section 2.3). Moreover, the variables and indices calculated from these datasets are interpolated to common grids to form the final dataset.

Table 4: Harmonization work across the different catalogues carried out for the variables of the dataset. Color codes indicate the temporal resolutions used for the different datasets available in the CDS catalogues, which correspond to the colors indicated in Table 1 (green for hourly, blue for daily and purple for monthly). Unit harmonization (when needed) is indicated with "==>".

Code

Standard name and (units)

From raw input data to harmonized results (standard units)

t

used also for: hd, cd

near_surface_air_temperature
(°C)

CMIP6: near_surface_air_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CMIP5: 2m_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CORDEX-EUR-11: 2m_air_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CORDEX-CORE: 2m_air_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
ERA5: 2m_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
ERA5-Land: 2m_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
E-OBS: mean_temperature (°C)

tn

used also for: tnn, fd, hd, cd, spei6

daily_minimum_near_surface_air_temperature
(°C)

CMIP6: daily_minimum_near_surface_air_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CMIP5: minimum_2m_temperature_in_the_last_24_hours (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CORDEX-EUR-11: minimum_2m_temperature_in_the_last_24_hours (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CORDEX-CORE: minimum_2m_temperature_in_the_last_24_hours (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
ERA5: Daily minimum of hourly 2m_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
ERA5-Land: Daily minimum of hourly 2m_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
E-OBS: minimum_temperature (°C)

tx

used also for: txx, tx35, tx35ba, tx40, tx40ba, hd, cd, spei6

daily_maximum_near_surface_air_temperature
(°C)

CMIP6: daily_maximum_near_surface_air_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CMIP5: maximum_2m_temperature_in_the_last_24_hours (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CORDEX-EUR-11: maximum_2m_temperature_in_the_last_24_hours (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CORDEX-CORE: maximum_2m_temperature_in_the_last_24_hours (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
ERA5: Daily maximum of hourly 2m_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
ERA5-Land: Daily maximum of hourly 2m_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
E-OBS: maximum_temperature (°C)

Pr

used also for: rx1day, rx5day, cdd, spi6, spei6

precipitation
(mm)

CMIP6: precipitation (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (mm)
CMIP5: mean_precipitation_flux (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (mm)
CORDEX-EUR-11: Daily mean of mean_precipitation_flux (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (mm)
CORDEX-CORE: Daily mean of mean_precipitation_flux (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (mm)
ERA5: Daily sum of hourly total_precipitation (mm)
ERA5-Land: Daily sum of hourly total_precipitation (mm)
E-OBS: precipitation_amount (mm)

huss

near_surface_specific_humidity
(1)

CMIP6: near_surface_specific_humidity (1)
CMIP5: near_surface_specific_humidity (1)
CORDEX-EUR-11: 2m_surface_specific_humidity (1)
CORDEX-CORE: 2m_surface_specific_humidity (1)
ERA5: N/A
ERA5-Land: N/A
E-OBS: N/A

evspsbl

evaporation_inc_sublimation_and_transpiration
(mm)

CMIP6: evaporation_including_sublimation_and_transpiration (kg m-2 s-1) ==>*86400 (mm)
CMIP5: evaporation (kg m-2 s-1) ==>*86400 (mm)
CORDEX-EUR-11: evaporation (kg m-2 s-1) ==>*86400 (mm)
CORDEX-CORE: evaporation (kg m-2 s-1) ==>*86400 (mm)
ERA5: evaporation (m of water equivalent) == > *-1000 (mm)
ERA5-Land: total_evaporation (m of water equivalent) == > *-1000 (mm)
E-OBS: N/A

mrsos

mass_content_of_water_in_soil
(kg m-2)

CMIP6: moisture_in_upper_portion_of_soil_column (kg m-2)
CMIP5: soil_moisture_content (kg m-2) N/C
CORDEX-EUR-11: N/A
CORDEX-CORE: N/A
ERA5: volumetric_soil_water_layer_1 (0-7cm) (m3 m-3) ==> *(10/7)/1000 (kg m-2)
ERA5-Land: volumetric_soil_water_layer_1 (0-7cm) (m3 m-3) ==> *(10/7)/1000 (kg m-2)
E-OBS: N/A

mrro

runoff_amount
(kg m-2)

CMIP6: total_runoff (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (kg m-2)
CMIP5: N/A
CORDEX-EUR-11: total_run_off_flux (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (kg m-2)
CORDEX-CORE: N/A
ERA5: runoff (m) ==>*1000 (kg m-2)
ERA5-Land: runoff (m) ==>*1000 (kg m-2)
E-OBS: N/A

prsn

snowfall_flux
(mm)

CMIP6: snowfall_flux (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (mm)
CMIP5: snowfall (kg m-2 s-1) ==> *86400 (mm)
CORDEX-EUR-11: N/A
CORDEX-CORE: N/A
ERA5: snowfall (m of water equivalent)==> *1000 (mm)
ERA5-Land: snowfall (m of water equivalent) ==>*1000 (mm)
E-OBS: N/A

siconc

sea_ice_area_percentage_on_ocean_grid
(%)

CMIP6: sea_ice_area_percentage_on_ocean_grid (%)
CMIP5: sea_ice_fraction N/C
CORDEX-EUR-11: N/A
CORDEX-CORE: N/A
ERA5: sea_ice_cover (0-1) ==> *100 (%)
ERA5-Land: N/A
E-OBS: N/A
ORAS5: sea_ice_concentration (0-1) ==> *100 (%)

sfcwind

near_surface_wind_speed
(m s-1)

CMIP6: near_surface_wind_speed (m s-1)
CMIP5: 10m_wind_speed (m s-1)
CORDEX-EUR11: 10m_wind_speed (m s-1)
CORDEX-CORE: 10m_wind_speed (m s-1)
ERA5: 10m_wind_speed (m s-1)
ERA5-Land: Daily mean of sqrt(10m_u_component_of_wind*2 + 10m_v_component_of_wind*2) (m s-1)
E-OBS: wind_speed (m s-1)

clt

total_cloud_cover_percentage
(%)

CMIP6: total_cloud_cover_percentage (%)
CMIP5: total_cloud_cover (0-1) ==> *100 (%)
CORDEX-EUR-11: total_cloud_cover (%)
CORDEX-CORE: total_cloud_cover (%)
ERA5: total_cloud_cover (0-1) ==> *100 (%)
ERA5-Land: N/A
E-OBS: N/A

rsds

surface_downwelling_shortwave_radiation
(W m-2)

CMIP6: surface_downwelling_shortwace_radiation (W m-2)
CMIP5: surface_solar_radiation_downwards (W m-2)
CORDEX-EUR-11: surface_solar_radiation_downward (W m-2)
CORDEX-CORE: surface_solar_radiation_downward (W m-2)
ERA5: surface_solar_radiation_downward (J m-2 d-1) ==> /(86400) (W m-2)
ERA5-Land: surface_solar_radiation_downwards (J m-2 d-1) ==> /(86400) (W m-2)
E-OBS: surface_shortwave_downwelling_radiation (W*m-2)

rlds

surface_downwelling_longwave_radiation
(W m-2)

CMIP6: surface_downwelling_longwave_radiation (W m-2)
CMIP5: surface_downwelling_longwave_radiation (W m-2)
CORDEX-EUR-11: surface_thermal_radiation_downwards (W m-2)
CORDEX-CORE: surface_thermal_radiation_downwards (W m-2)
ERA5: surface_thermal_radiation_downwards (J m-2 d-1) ==> /(86400) (W m-2)
ERA5-Land: surface thermal_ radiation downwards(J m-2 d-1) ==> /(86400) (W m-2)
E-OBS: N/A

sst

sea_surface_temperature
(°C)

CMIP6: sea_surface_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CMIP5: sea_surface_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
CORDEX-EUR-11: N/A
CORDEX-CORE: N/A
ERA5: sea_surface_temperature (K) ==> -273.15 (°C)
ERA5-Land: N/A
E-OBS: N/A
ORAS5: sea_surface_temperature (C)

psl

sea_level_pressure
(Pa)

CMIP6: sea_level_pressure (Pa)
CMIP5: mean_sea_level_pressure (Pa)
CORDEX-EUR-11: mean_sea_level_pressure (Pa)
CORDEX-CORE: mean_sea_level_pressure (Pa)
ERA5: mean_sea_level_pressure (Pa)
ERA5-Land: N/A
E-OBS: sea_level_pressure (hPa) N/C ==> *100 (Pa)


Info
iconfalse

7 Mixed Gregorian/Julian calendar as defined by UDUNITS. A deprecated alternative name for this calendar is gregorian. In this calendar, date/times after (and including) 1582-10-15 0:0:0 are in the Gregorian calendar, in which a year is a leap year if either ( i) it is divisible by 4 but not by 100 or (ii) it is divisible by 400.

2.4. Available ensembles for climate projection products

...

Figure 4: Spatial coverage of the CORDEX-CORE simulations (displaying near-term temperature change for RCP8.5 relative to 1961-1990),

Table 5: CORDEX simulations for the different domains used to build the CORDEX-CORE dataset (note that EUR-11 simulations are upscaled to the global 0.22 grid). Empty cells indicate that the default versions for the two RCMs (RegCM4_7 and REMO2015) are used. Different versions and/or backup GCMs are indicated in the table.


AFR-22

AUS-22

CAM-22

EAS-22

EUR-11

NAM-22

SAM -22

SEA-22

WAS-22

MOHC_HadGEM2-ES_REMO










MOHC_HadGEM2-ES_RegCM




v4-4_v0

v4-6_v1

v4-4-rc8



MIROC5

MPI-M_MPI-ESM-LR_REMO





r3i1p1





MPI-M_MPI-ESM-MR_RegCM




v4-4_v0

MPI-LR

MPI-LRv4-4-rc8



v4-7_v0

NCC_NorESM1-M_REMO










NCC_NorESM1-M_RegCM



GFDL

v4-4_v0

v4-6_v1

GFDLv4-4-rc8



v4-7_v0



Image Modified

Figure 5: Final ensemble used in the "Copernicus Interactive Climate Atlas gridded monthly dataset" with the different models (in rows) for the different variables (in columns) for the CORDEX-CORE dataset. Colors indicate the different scenarios available in the CDS (see Table 5 for the specific configuration of the global mosaic).

...

The following table details the changes (and dates, in chronological order) that this document has undergone.

DateChanges description

C3S Atlas V1.1 

  • Section 2.6 has been improved and expanded, including further details on their definition and calculation of non-direct indices (SPI, SPEI, HD, CD).
  • Table 4 has been modified, including SPEI in tasmin and tasmax rows (used to calculate the potential evapotranspiration component of SPEI).
  • Figure 1 modified including modeling centers to provide full provenance.

C3S Atlas V1.0

First version of the document published together with the C3S Atlas launch (first version, v1.0), before the dataset is available in the CDS. This document serves as documentation for both the dataset and the C3S Atlas.


Info

This document has been produced in the context of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S).

The activities leading to these results have been contracted by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, operator of C3S on behalf of the European Union (Delegation Agreement signed on 11/11/2014 and Contribution Agreement signed on 22/07/2021). All information in this document is provided "as is" and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose.

The users thereof use the information at their sole risk and liability. For the avoidance of all doubt , the European Commission and the European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts have no liability in respect of this document, which is merely representing the author's view

...