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Copernicus is the European Programme for the establishment of a European capacity for Earth Observation and environmental information.
The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) is one of the six services within Copernicus.
The Copernicus Atmosphere monitoring Services (CAMS) is one of the six services within Copernicus.
The Copernicus programme is coordinated and managed by the European Commission.
The European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) implements the Copernicus Climate Change Service and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service on behalf of the European Commission.
Copernicus News
OBSERVER: Monitoring the World’s Forests with Copernicus Land
OBSERVER: Monitoring the World’s Forests with Copernicus Land evan The Siberian Taiga, a vast expanse of old-growth forest in the northern reaches of Asia, stands as a beacon of biodiversity and ecological resilience amidst the global deforestation crisis. While the Taiga remains largely untouched, it serves as a stark contrast to the alarming rate of forest loss experienced worldwide, where the last century alone has seen more trees lost than in the previous 9,000 years combined. This massive decline in global forests underscores the urgent need for effective monitoring and management strategies to preserve our planet's remaining forests. In this context, the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) provides high-quality, open-access datasets that are essential for policymaking and conservation efforts, supporting the EU's ambitious strategies to halt deforestation and promote forest protection. In this week's Observer, we'll delve into the innovative tools and data provided by CLMS, showcasing how it's improving our ability to monitor and manage forests globally, and discussing the implications for future forest-related policies and strategies.In the northern reaches of Asia lies the world’s largest unbroken old growth forest. It is known as the Siberian Taiga, and it extends from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the East, covering an area of just over 12 million square kilometres. Owing to the harsh arctic conditions and the sparsity of human settlements that characterise this region, the Siberian Taiga has remained untouched by human activity, though it has been affected by climate change-induced mega-wildfires. Sadly, most of the other forests around the world are under threat. In just the last 100 years, the world has lost as many trees as the previous 9,000 years combined. To put in perspective just how much forest has been lost in the last century, it is more than the entire South American continent. Most of this deforestation has been caused by the drive to make room for agricultural fields, the vast majority of which are dedicated to animal grazing or growing crops that become animal feed. This massive decline in global forests has numerous negative consequences. Forests are, for example, home to 80% of the terrestrial biodiversity on Earth, providing habitats for literally millions of unique species of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. In fact, forest biodiversity is so high that famed British entomologist E.O. Wilson wrote in his book The Diversity of Life about an insect collecting trip he took to the Amazon rainforest in which he concluded that there are some beetle species whose entire population exists on and in single, individual trees. Summary of the historical and current state of global forests, highlighting the outsized impact of animal agriculture. Credit: Our World in Data, based on historical data from Williams (2003) Deforesting the Earth. Historical data on agriculture from The History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE), Modern data from the FAO. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.Protecting Forests with PolicyForests also provide a whole host of environmental services. They play a key role in the water cycle by absorbing rainfall and releasing water vapour into the atmosphere through a process known as transpiration. This process is vital for maintaining both local and global climate stability. Forests also protect soil from erosion by rain and wind and help maintain soil fertility through nutrient cycling. Air quality is also improved by forests. Not only do they filter pollutants and dust from the air, but they also produce around 20% of the world’s oxygen. The European Union (EU) has taken significant steps to address the issue of deforestation and forest degradation, with the Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) and the proposed Forest Monitoring Framework being two of the most notable. The EUDR, introduced to curb the EU market's impact on global deforestation and forest degradation, mandates companies trading in commodities such as cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya, and wood to conduct extensive due diligence on their value chain. This ensures that the goods do not result from recent deforestation, forest degradation, or breaches of local environmental and social laws, aligning with the EU's broader strategy to reduce its consumption impact on land and promote the consumption of products from deforestation-free supply chains. The European Commission proposed a new Forest Monitoring Framework in November 2023. This framework aims to establish a comprehensive system for monitoring the status and trends of forests across the EU, focusing on specific indicators related to climate change, biodiversity, health, invasive alien species, and forest management. The proposal is part of the EU’s efforts to ensure a coordinated EU forest monitoring system, addressing the fragmented and inconsistent information on EU forests, their social and economic value, and the pressures they face. The framework is designed to enable the collection and sharing of timely, reliable, and comparable forest data, building on existing national systems and encouraging Member States to develop integrated long-term forest plans or adapt their existing plans. In addition, EU has also passed a number of other ambitious and binding policies—such as the Biodiversity Strategy, the Forest Strategy, the LULUCF Regulation, and the EU Timber Regulation—which aim to halt deforestation and promote protection and restoration of European forests. CLMS: A Tool for Forest MonitoringThe Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) offers one of the world’s most extensive portfolios of high quality, open-access land cover and land use datasets. The service is jointly operated by the European Environment Agency (EEA), which manages the pan-European component, and the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (DG JRC), which manages the global component. The synergy between European and global efforts, supported by CLMS, allows for a comprehensive view of forest health and trends at a global level, with a special emphasis on high spatial and temporal resolution for Europe. Global Component ProductsCLMS offers two primary products that can be used to monitor forest cover at the global scale. The first is the 100m Dynamic Land Cover product, which provides annually updated global land cover maps at 100m spatial resolution. It uses state-of-the-art data analysis techniques to ensure temporal consistency and accuracy, with the latest version achieving 80% accuracy on each continent. This makes this land cover dataset of more than 20 classes a flexible tool for a wide range of applications, including forest monitoring. It is important to note that from 2025 onward, the existing 100m resolution product of the Dynamic Land Cover will be superseded with the global 10m land cover mapping as part of the new Copernicus Global Land Cover and Tropical Forest Mapping and Monitoring contract. This contract will also introduce a specific tropical forest monitoring product at 10m resolution starting with reference year 2020. The tropical forest monitoring product will include information on percentage of tree cover at 10m spatial resolution and annual changes. The second product capable of monitoring forest cover globally is the Reference Land Cover and Land Cover Change in selected Hot Spots product. It supports efforts to preserve selected global “hot spots”, so named for their rich biodiversity, key landscape area, protected site, as well as cultural significance. There are land cover and land cover change datasets designed to offer high-resolution insights into these global hotspots, many of which are forests, with a specific focus on the African continent. European Component ProductsAt the European scale, CLMS offers 10 products that contain detailed information on forests and tree cover. The Tree Cover Density product provides information on the percentage of tree cover in a given area. Like the other high-resolution layers, these data are updated annually and are available across the EEA38 area at 10m spatial resolution. Dominant Leaf Type is produced in parallel with Tree Cover Density and allows users to identify and track changes in the dominant leaf type of the entire European tree cover. The Forest Type product is derived from the Tree Cover Density and Dominant Leaf Type products. Together, these represent some of the best publicly available tree cover monitoring data in the world. Small Woody Features rounds out the set of high-resolution layers by providing information on linear and patchy tree cover such as one might find in a fragmented agricultural landscape. CORINE Land Cover (CLC) offers a pan-European land cover and land use inventory with 44 thematic classes, ranging from broad forested areas to individual vineyards, whereas CLC+ BackBone serves to complement and extend this product by providing higher resolution and detail to certain land cover classes of this flagship product. The priority area products are designed to provide a higher level of detail for specific areas of interest prone to environmental change. The Riparian Zones product is focused on the buffer areas between land and waterways, which are characterised by their unique combination of aquatic and terrestrial habitats that are critical for a number of plant and animal species. The Natura 2000 product offers a comprehensive overview of select Natura 2000 sites protected under the European Union’s Habitats Directive. The Coastal Zones product covers the entirety of European coastal areas to an inland depth of 10 kilometres and gives users access to detailed land cover/land use maps of these regions. Finally, the Urban Atlas provides detailed land cover/land use maps for 788 Functional Urban Areas across Europe, including urban forests. Overview of all CLMS products which feature a land class related to forests. Credit: European Union, Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS)Forest Products in ActionOn its website, the European Environment Agency provides a section dedicated to indicators, which are designed to support all phases of environmental policy making from the creation of policy frameworks to target setting. The 2018 high resolution Forest Type status layer, in combination with the 2018 Small Woody Features layer, was used as the basis for the creation of a Forest Connectivity indicator which represents the level of connectivity between forests in each Member State and Collaborating Sates of EEA. The level of forest connectivity is strongly correlated to the level of biodiversity, with more fragmented and disconnected forests showing lower species diversity compared to well-connected forests. Work such as this helps provide metrics for key forest-related policies such as the EU Forest Strategy for 2030 and the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, which include a pledge to promote forest connectivity by planting at least three billion additional trees by 2030. In 2020 the Castilla-La Mancha Forest Fires Service (INFOCAM) took advantage of several CLMS global coverage products to evaluate the susceptibility of Spanish forests to fire risk. As climate change produces more frequent and intense droughts, and a reduction in forest management activities results in a higher fuel load in Spanish forests, fire risk in Spain is higher than ever. As a result, a detailed understanding of vegetation conditions is absolutely essential for fire management services. With publicly available CLMS datasets, INFOCAM is able to produce a set of materials such as vegetation stress risk assessments, fire intensity forecasts, and fire season preparedness estimates, all of which contribute to better forest fire management and increased safety for civilians and firefighting personnel. The utility of CLMS data in the context of current and future forest-related policies such as the EU Deforestation Regulation, the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, the EU Forest Strategy for 2030, and the proposed Forest Monitoring Law highlights the service's pivotal role in shaping a sustainable future. As we strive to balance human needs with environmental preservation, the importance of technology and policy in driving sustainable forest management and conservation is more important than ever before. As we move forward, the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (CLMS) is poised for significant progress in technology and data products, promising to further enhance the capabilities for monitoring and managing forests globally. Innovations in satellite imaging, data processing algorithms, and artificial intelligence are expected to improve the accuracy, resolution, and timeliness of land cover and forest health data. Such progress will enable more precise tracking of deforestation, forest degradation, and reforestation efforts, offering invaluable insights for conservation strategies and policymaking. |
OBSERVER: 2023 - A year of unprecedented heat and climate extremes
OBSERVER: 2023 - A year of unprecedented heat and climate extremes evan Earlier this year, the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Global Climate Highlights 2023 Summary confirmed 2023 as the warmest year on record, with global temperatures reaching an alarming 1.48 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels. This unprecedented rise in temperature, underscored by a series of extreme weather events, from devastating droughts and wildfires to marine heatwaves, signals an urgent call for action. Analysing the ERA5 dataset, the report highlights the significant impact of shifts from La Niña to El Niño conditions and the continuous increase in greenhouse gas concentrations, driving home the critical need for global decarbonisation efforts and the strategic use of climate data to navigate the challenges of a warming world and safeguard our future.Record-breaking temperatures2023 has witnessed an unparalleled surge in global temperatures, setting a new record with an average annual value of 14.98°C, surpassing the previous high in 2016 by 0.17°C. This increase has been consistent, with temperatures from June to December each month being warmer than any corresponding month in past records. The boreal summer, spanning June to August, was notably the warmest season ever recorded. The daily temperature records offer a vivid depiction of the ongoing warming trend, marking the first time in recorded history in which every day of a year exceeded pre-industrial levels by 1°C. The frequency of days crossing the 1.5°C threshold approached 50%, with two days in November above the 2°C mark, illustrating the continued impacts of climate change. Analysis by C3S using the ERA5 dataset, which including climate records dating back to 1940, confirms these findings, aligning with several other global temperature datasets and indicating that 2023 was the warmest year since 1850, the year records started being collected. The ERA5 dataset shows that 2023 was not only 0.17°C warmer than 2016 but also 0.60°C above the 1991-2020 average, and a staggering 1.48°C warmer than the pre-industrial levels of 1850-1900. The report also highlights the likelihood of a 12-month period ending in January or February 2024 exceeding the 1.5°C threshold above pre-industrial levels. The exceptional warmth of 2023 was evident across the entire year, with each month from June to December setting new records for warmth. July and August were the warmest months on record, contributing to the boreal summer being the warmest season ever documented. September 2023 stood out with a temperature deviation of 0.93°C above the 1991-2020 average, the largest deviation for any month in the ERA5 dataset. October, November, and December each recorded a temperature 0.85°C above the average, ranking them among the highest deviations observed. In revealing this significant warming trend that exceeded the records set in 2016 and the pre-industrial average by a never-seen-before margin, the Global Climate Highlights Summary underscores the extraordinary nature of the climate phenomena observed throughout the year and marks a critical point in the current and future challenges stemming from climate change. Monthly global surface air temperature [1] anomalies (°C) relative to the 1991–2020 reference period from January 1940 to December 2023, plotted as a time series for each year. 2023 is shown with a thick red line while other years are shown with thin lines and shaded according to the decade, from blue (1940s) to brick red (2020s). Data source: ERA5. Credit: European Union, Copernicus Climate Change ServiceFactors influencing the unusual warmthThe transition from La Niña to El Niño conditions significantly influenced the global temperature rise in 2023. This shift contributed to the record-breaking sea surface temperatures (SSTs) observed from April through December. The North Atlantic, in particular, recorded exceptionally high temperatures, which played a pivotal role in the global warmth experienced. Additionally, the reduced extent of Antarctic sea ice further exemplified the unusual climatic conditions of the year. These factors, combined with the general trend of global warming, underscore the complex interplay of natural variability and human-induced climate change driving the planet towards unprecedented warmth. The year-to-year increase in global-average temperature was considerable from 2022 to 2023 and can be partly attributed to a shift from La Niña conditions in 2020–2022 to El Niño conditions in 2023. However, warm ocean temperatures outside the tropical Pacific were also a factor, especially in the North Atlantic, contributing to record-high global sea surface temperatures. These warmer waters were associated with marine heatwaves in various places like the Mediterranean, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Indian Ocean, North Pacific, and much of the North Atlantic. The reduction in marine sulphur aerosols from shipping due to the phasing out of high-sulphur marine fuels in 2020, is also expected to have had a marginal impact on the global average temperature increase, underscoring the myriad of factors influencing the year's exceptional warmth. Monthly sea surface temperature anomalies in 2023 relative to the average for the 1991–2020 reference period for the corresponding months. Data: ERA5. Credit: European Union, Copernicus Climate Change ServiceGreenhouse gas concentrations continue to riseMeanwhile, the concentration of greenhouse gases continued its upward trajectory, exceeding those observed in recent history. In 2023, carbon dioxide concentrations reached 419 ppm, and methane concentrations reached 1902 ppb. Preliminary analyses of satellite data revealed an increase from 2022 of approximately 2.4 ppm for carbon dioxide and 11 ppb for methane. The report goes on to make the shocking revelation that further analysis based on measurements from ice cores and other additional data sources indicate that the atmospheric CO2 concentrations were higher in 2023 than any other time in the last 2 million years. The observed increasing concentration of these greenhouse gases underscores their significant role in driving global warming and highlights the urgency of mitigating emissions. Monthly global mean atmospheric CO2 and global mean atmospheric CH4 column-averaged concentration from satellites for 2003-2023 and 12-months average, expressed in parts per million. Data source: C3S/Obs4MIPs (v4.5) consolidated (2003–2022) and CAMS preliminary near real-time data (2023) GOSAT-2 records. Spatial range: 60°S - 60°N over land. Credit: European Union, Copernicus Climate Change ServiceThe climate outlook for 2024Current data and forecasts suggest that 2024 is shaping up to be another record-breaking year in terms of global temperatures. Forecasts from the UK Met Office and Barcelona Supercomputing Centre indicate that 2024 could be even warmer and that more unprecedented temperatures such as those observed in 2023 could be recorded, with a reasonable probability that global average temperatures will exceed the 1.5°C threshold above pre-industrial levels. This expectation is largely due to the historical pattern observed with El Niño events, during which their effect on global mean temperatures tends to be larger in the year following their peak. The most recent seasonal forecast from Copernicus Climate Change Service published on February 10, 2024 indicates that the El Niño event has likely peaked and will continue to decay over a six-month forecast period. By the middle of the year 2024, La Niña conditions are predicted more likely than a continuation of El Niño. Further ahead, the recent long-range forecast from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) suggests that La Niña or neutral conditions are the likely pattern. The shift towards La Niña conditions implies a potential cooling effect on the global average temperature, contrasting with the warming trend observed during El Niño. However, it is important to note that this natural variability is superimposed on the long-term warming trend caused by human-induced increases in greenhouse gases. In fact, recent La Niña years have been warmer than El Niño years from earlier decades, underscoring the dominant influence of anthropogenic global warming. The La Niña year of 2020, for example, tied with 2016—a year which started with a significant El Niño—as the all-time-record-high global surface temperature. Therefore, while the forecasted transition to La Niña may moderate the rate of temperature increase in the short term, it will not counteract the overarching trend of global warming while the ongoing rise in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases are expected to continue driving the global average temperature upwards.
Reflecting on the report’s findings, Carlo Buontempo, Director of Copernicus’ Climate Change Service, said: “The extremes we have observed over the last few months provide a dramatic testimony of how far we now are from the climate in which our civilisation developed. This has profound consequences for the Paris Agreement and all human endeavours. If we want to successfully manage our climate risk portfolio, we need to urgently decarbonise our economy whilst using climate data and knowledge to prepare for the future.” |
OBSERVER: An in-depth look at the Copernicus Arctic Hub
OBSERVER: An in-depth look at the Copernicus Arctic Hub evan The Arctic, a region rich in unique ecosystems and home to fascinating wildlife such as polar bears, walruses and narwhals, plays a pivotal role in the Earth’s climate system. The extensive snow and ice cover reflects a large portion of sunlight back into space, balancing global temperatures. However, this critical balance is being disrupted by the effects of climate change, leading to the Arctic warming four times faster than the rest of the world. Rapid warming, and melting of Arctic sea ice, not only threatens the region’s unique ecosystems and wildlife, but is also making it more navigable, attracting an increasing number of ships through its waters. This increased accessibility coupled with the region’s significant oil and natural gas reserves is making the Arctic a region of significant geo-economic interest. The geopolitical implications of this, combined with the environmental changes driven by climate change, underscore the need for a comprehensive approach to preserving and protecting Arctic regions and its inhabitants.Earth Observation (EO) data and products provide a range of crucial information to support decision-making and policy development on a diverse array of interconnected Arctic issues, making EO ideally suited for managing the complex challenges of this region. In this week's Observer, we'll explore the recently launched Copernicus Arctic Hub and see how it is improving our understanding of the Arctic regions and supporting the implementation of EU policies.
Arctic regions are warming four times faster than the rest of the world as a result of climate change. Credit: European Union, Copernicus Sentinel-2 imagery (2023) About the Arctic HubEstablished by the European Commission, the Copernicus Arctic Hub is a one-stop-shop for access to Copernicus knowledge and applications on climate, ocean, land and emergency-related issues, focusing on Arctic regions. Around 150 EO-based products are available free of charge in the hub catalogue, providing a wide range of datasets from satellite imagery to in situ observations and model outputs, giving the user an informative, data-rich and science-based view of the region. The Copernicus data and products made available through this hub focus on three areas: safety, climate change, and sustainability, which correspond the areas and objectives in the EU’s Arctic Policy. With its simple interface, it is designed to be easy to navigate, allowing users to access data from different sources of Arctic relevance, including data from all Copernicus services concerned. While it's coordinated by Mercator Ocean International, which also implements the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS), the hub aims to promote knowledge sharing between all Copernicus services and facilitate the process of identifying thematic needs and gaps.
This infographic shows the different data sources and which Copernicus Services provide them. Credit: European Union, Copernicus Marine Service, implemented by Mercator Ocean International An eye on policyThe hub is also helping on the policy front, particularly with the EU's Arctic Policy which was updated in 2021 and is a crucial step towards preserving Arctic ecosystems and promoting sustainable development in this fragile region. This policy is in line with the objectives set out in the EU Green Deal and is essential for safeguarding Europe's geopolitical interests in Arctic regions. It aims to facilitate peaceful cooperation in the region, mitigate the effects of climate change and support Arctic communities. The Copernicus Arctic hub supports the EU's Arctic Policy by facilitating access to data and enabling a wide range of users, including policy makers, industry stakeholders, students, and researchers to better understand the complexities of the social, economic, political, and environmental landscapes in the Arctic, which are crucial for the EU's strategic and day-to-day interests in these regions. This allows for better navigation of the Arctic's challenges and opportunities, and the development of better informed and more effective policies, at both regional and EU level. Exploring the hubWhen entering the hub, users are presented with links to basic background information on the content. Users can start by exploring the different datasets available, as well as some use cases with applications that companies and researchers are using. The use cases are divided into three main areas of application: security, climate change, and sustainability. Persons who are already using Copernicus EO-based products to study Arctic regions can also add their own use case to the platform by submitting a form describing how they're using the Arctic Hub.
Navigating the data viewer - Three main areas of applicationThe data viewer is a valuable tool for exploring Arctic regions. It provides users with access to EO data from a wide range of Copernicus products and services, which can be visualised on a map or easily downloaded. By including products based on satellite and in situ data, the viewer provides detailed, near real-time information about Arctic regions. Users can browse the catalogue of products and easily add new layers to the map view. There are more than 100 layers to choose from, all useful in one of the three main areas of application. For safety applications, the hub showcases important tools and data to address the challenges of navigating the Arctic’s extreme weather conditions and arduous environment. The objective of the EU Arctic Policy is a safe, stable, sustainable, peaceful, and prosperous Arctic. In the context of Arctic maritime safety, Copernicus can provide reliable data products that can make an important contribution to disaster risk reduction and support maritime navigation in Arctic waters. The Arctic Hub highlights several safety use cases, including Drift+Noise Polar Services for operational ice maps, IcySea for ice information apps, the Greenland Community Ice Information Service for community safety, and the ARCOS early-warning system, among others, helping to reduce the risk of disasters and supporting Arctic maritime navigation. For climate change monitoring, Copernicus Marine products such as sea ice thickness are useful for measuring ice melt. Arctic sea ice extent has declined significantly since 1979. The decline tends to occur in all months of the year, but has been greater in September, the time at which the ice extent reaches its annual minimum. By activating this layer and moving the cursor over different years in the map view of the data viewer, users can see how sea ice has changed in thickness over time. Looking at sea surface temperatures can also be useful. Global mean sea surface temperature has increased since pre-industrial times. Although this increase has not been uniform across all parts of the ocean, parts of the Arctic Ocean are among the fastest warming areas, making this an important variable to look at.
Finally, sustainability is a fundamental area of application of the Arctic Hub, particularly with regard to the fragile Arctic ecosystems and the increasing human activity in the region. Arctic regions are home to many unique and diverse species of flora and fauna. Until recently, the permanent sea ice cover has served as a protective shield for these ecosystems, limiting anthropogenic interference. In recent years, however, the Arctic ice cap has begun to retreat, opening up new shipping lanes which provide significant revenues for the Arctic shipping industry. This new accessibility can attract economic development, including the establishment of new ports and related shipping infrastructure, which in turn can lead to increased urbanisation. Layers that include global atmospheric composition forecasts from the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), for example, help stakeholders monitor atmospheric changes, such as emissions from high latitude fires and how these threaten local flora and fauna. The Copernicus Arctic Hub is emerging as a key platform to better address the many challenges facing Arctic regions. By bringing together information from the Copernicus services, the hub provides users with a data-rich and detailed understanding of the Arctic environment in crucial areas of application such as security, climate change and sustainability. Its user-friendly interface facilitates access to a wide range of datasets, fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing among stakeholders. In line with the EU's Arctic Policy, it supports efforts to preserve Arctic ecosystems, promoting sustainable development and safeguarding Europe's geopolitical interests in the region.
References and notes 1. The Copernicus Marine Service is implemented by Mercator Ocean International. |