Large Scale Precipitation

Users should be aware that:

• Precipitation is the grid box average value, not a point value. 
• "Large scale precipitation" is produced from the large-scale (stratiform) cloud microphysical processes and denotes both rain and snow. Large scale precipitation falls through the atmosphere, is advected by the wind and can evaporate before it reaches the surface. 
• Topographical barriers are generally too low in the IFS because of resolution limitations.  Both orographic enhancement of precipitation and the rain shadow effect tend to be underestimated.  The medium range ensemble benefits from higher spacial resolution (~9km) and performs best.  Extended range ensemble with less spacial resolution (~36km) of orography gives less detail or modulation of precipitation. 
• Detail of probable variations in precipitation rates are hidden when examining precipitation totals over periods.  Accumulations could be:
  • from a short interval of moderate or heavy precipitation early in the period followed by dry conditions (e.g. as a cold front clears).
  • from continuous drizzle or light rain falling throughout the period.
• Drizzle tends to be over predicted.  Generally too much (light) precipitation is developed in stratocumulus, and too much of it reaches the ground because of under-evaporation.  Too much drizzle can occur when low cloud (stratus or stratocumulus) becomes too persistent through incorrect modelling of the boundary layer. 
  

• Precipitation from large scale processes is advected laterally during descent.  The advection distance is:

• • inversely proportional to the fall-speed of the hydrometeor (rain higher fall-speed, snow low fall-speed).

  • proportional to the wind strength at the given level.

If the melting level or precipitation type are incorrectly forecast then precipitation could drift a greater or lesser distance downwind before reaching the surface.  This might arise when deep layers with a temperature near zero are forecast.  Usually, incorrectly forecast melting levels will be rather close to the surface.   In practice, the resolution of the space and time scales of the IFC mean the impact will be low.  However, forecaster should be aware of the potential impact of lateral displacement due to precipitation drift.

Additional Sources of Information

(Note: In older material there may be references to issues that have subsequently been addressed)

• See the impact of Cycle 47R3 on representation of rainfall.
• Read more on Clouds and stratiform precipitation in the Atmospheric Physics page (scroll down to subsection: Clouds and stratiform precipitation).
• Watch a comprehensive lecture on model clouds and precipitation.