Introduction
Storm Karl affected northern Europe regionally with high-impact weather at the end of September 2016. The storm was created through extra-tropical conversion of a previous Tropical Storm event. When crossing the North Atlantic it merged with other lower pressure systems and invigorated, resulting in high wind speeds in Scotland and intense precipitation (with local flooding) in Norway.
This storm event was studied extensively during the NAWDEX flight campaign in connection with atmospheric moisture transport. The following table points to some of the published material related to the situation in the North Atlantic during this time period.
Literature
The table below points to material related to this storm event:
| Publications | Andreas Schäfler et al., The North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment, BAMS, 1607-1637, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0003.1 |
| Web sites | NAWDEX flight campaign web portals of various project partners: DLR, KIT, ETHZ |
| Other material | Presentation by Ben Harvey (University of Reading) at the 5th OpenIFS User Meeting 2019 (PDF) US National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report - Tropical Storm Karl (PDF) |
Important dates
The dates were obtained from the US NHC Tropical Cyclone Report and from ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis data.
| 12 Sep 2016 | Karl forms from tropical wave on the western coast of Africa) | tropical storm |
| 15 Sep 2016 | Karl strengthens into a tropical storm | |
| 21 Sep 2016 | Karl weakens to a depression | |
| 25 Sep 2016 | Karl strengthens again and reaches peak intensity (0600 UTC) | |
| 25 Sep 2016 | Karl undergoes extra tropical conversion (12 UTC) |
|
| 26 Sep 2016 | Karl merges with another ET low pressure system | |
| NN | Karl causes maximum wind speed (10m) in the United Kingdom (Scotland) | |
| NN | Karl causes maximum 6-hourly precipitation in Norway (Bergen) |
OpenIFS initial experiment data
All OpenIFS experiments begin on 25th September 2016 00:00 UTC, shortly before the extra tropical conversion of Storm Karl.
Model | Exp ID | Horizontal Grid | Vertical Levels | Data Source | Initial Date | Forecast Length |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 43r3 | hc5q | TL159 | 60 | ERA5 | 2016-09-25 00:00 UTC | 6 days (144 hours) |
| 43r3 | hc4y | TL255 | 91 | ERA5 | 2016-09-25 00:00 UTC | 6 days (144 hours) |
| 48r1 | ab7z | TL159 | 60 | ERA5 | 2016-09-25 00:00 UTC | 6 days (144 hours) |
| 48r1 | ab2a | TL255 | 91 | ERA5 | 2016-09-25 00:00 UTC | 6 days (144 hours) |
Suggested experiments and sensitivity studies
lhboxmodify case explained
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