• Modelling of streamflow losses. Streamflow losses are the loss in the flow volume of a river as water moves downstream; they can be caused by evaporation, transpiration by macrophytes and riparian vegetation, as well as groundwater recharge. They can be exacerbated by intensive groundwater pumping, and they have been observed in arid areas, but not only (e.g. Jasachko et al, 2021, Uchôa et al, 2024)

References

Jasechko, S., Seybold, H., Perrone, D. et al. Widespread potential loss of streamflow into underlying aquifers across the USA. Nature 591, 391–395 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03311-x

Uchôa, J.G.S.M., Oliveira, P.T.S., Ballarin, A.S. et al. Widespread potential for streamflow leakage across Brazil. Nat Commun 15, 10211 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54370-3