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Regional climate projections are results from regional climate model simulations which have been generated by multiple independent climate research centres in the framework of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling (CORDEX) supported by the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) and assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). These regional climate projections underpin the conclusion of the IPCC 5th Assessment Report (published in 2003) that “Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems”.
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A set of 25 core variables (16 for non-European domains, see the table below) from the CORDEX archive were identified for the CDS. These are the most used of the CORDEX data. These variables are provided from 5 CORDEX experiment types (evaluation, historical and 3 RCP scenarios) that are derived (downscaled) from the CMIP5 experiments. 3-hourly, daily and monthly information (GL Please check), whereas only daily information is provided for non-European domains.
ANDRAS: I think, we have to indicate here, that for the non-European domain we provide lass variables and maybe in the table below indicate, which ones are only for the EURO-CORDEX or meMed-CORDEX domains.
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JOSE: The non-European domains include the set of 15 variables (plus land-sea mask and orography), when available (not all models provide all variables).
The CDS subset of CORDEX data have been through a metadata quality control procedure which ensures a high standard of reliability of the data. It may be for example that similar data can be found in the main CORDEX archive at the ESGF (Earth System Grid Federation) however these data come with no quality assurance and may have metadata errors or omissions. The quality-control process means that the CDS subset of CORDEX data is further reduced to exclude data that have metadata errors or inconsistencies. It is important to note that passing of the quality control should not be confused with validity: for example, it will be possible for a file to have fully compliant metadata but contain gross errors in the data that have not been noted. In other words, it means that the quality control is purely technical and does not contain any scientific evaluation (for instance consistency check).
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We can mention the additional effort (of 34d) to find the additional data for non-European domains. Maybe the link to the IPCC Atlas should be also mentioned. GL: I agree. Jose, would you provide some additional text about the IPCC Atlas, a link, possibly?
JOSE: I included that information below, after describing the efforts (and funding) devoted to support CORDEX activities. Unfortunately there is no link yet since the information regarding the report is confidential (to prevent leaking) until it is releases (in July 2021).
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The effort done by COPERNICUS to consolidate a World-wide CORDEX dataset is also contributing to the IPCC-AR6 WGI activities, providing a curated dataset to be assessed together with global climate information from CMIP experiments, in particular in the Interactive Atlas, a new product of the IPCC allowing exploration of observed and projected climate data to complement the assessment of relevant datasets undertaken in the WG I chapters.
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Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations needs lateral boundary conditions from Global Climate Models (GCMs). At the moment the CDS-CORDEX subset boundary conditions are extracted from CMIP5 global projections. In general the CORDEX framework requires each RCM downscale a minimum of 3 GCMs for 2 scenarios (at least RCP8.5 and RCP2.6). ANDRAS: please check this, if this is still valid for the non-European domains. Jose, would you check this, please?
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Jose, would you propose an additional paragraph, here?
JOSE: I see that you haven't included non-comercial datasets at COPERNICUS. I guess this would be the same for all domains (we talked about this a couple of times, but I was not aware that this decision was made; I am in favor, no problem with that, just to know). This has no implications for NAM and ARC (all are unrestricted) but might have for other domains (I will check the impact and let you know).
| Driving Global Coupled Models | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HadGEM2-ES | EC-EARTH | CNRM-CM5 | NorESM1-M | Driving Global Coupled Models | HadGEM2-ES | EC-EARTH | CNRM-CM5 | NorESM1-M | MPI-ESM-LR | IPSL-CM5A-MR | CanESM2 | MIROC5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Regional Climate Models | RCA4 (SMHI) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CCLM-8-17 (ETH) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| crCLIM-v1-1-1 (ETH) | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| REMO2009 (GERICS) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| REMO2015 (GERICS) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RACMO22E (KNMI) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HIRHAM5 (DMI) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| WRF361H (UHOH) | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| WRF381P (IPSL) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ALADIN53 (CNRM) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ALADIN63 (CNRM) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RegCM4.6.1 (ICTP) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HadGEM3-GA7-05 (MOHC) | 1 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RCP26 | RCP45 | RCP85 | [0-9] = Number of simulations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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List of published parameters ANDRAS: maybe here we can indicate with bold face those variables, which are available only for the EURO-CORDEX domain GL : see my above comment on thisbold face those variables, which are available only for the EURO-CORDEX domain GL : see my above comment on this.
Jose: I have done that and included the paragraph below. Please check.
The table below lists the variables provided (in boldface those provided for all domains, the rest are provided for Europe) at 3-hourly, daily and monthly temporal scale (only daily for non European domains and for tasmin and tasmax for all domains). Note that sftlf and orog are static time independent fields.
| Name | Short name | Units | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2m temperature | tas | K | The temperature of the air near the surface (or ambient temperature). The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 2m above the surface. |
| 200hPa temperature | ta200 | K | The temperature of the air at 200hPa. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 200hPa pressure level. |
| Minimum 2m temperature in the last 24 hours | tasmin | K | The minimum temperature of the air near the surface. The data represents the daily minimum over the aggregation period at 2m above the surface. ANDRAS: I guess this variable is available only for daily data, is that correct? Please check! JOSE: Yes for 34d (all are daily) |
| Maximum 2m temperature in the last 24 hours | tasmax | K | The maximum temperature of the air near the surface. The data represents the daily maximum over the aggregation period at 2m above the surface. ANDRAS: I guess this variable is available only for daily data, is that correct? Please check! JOSE: Yes for 34d (all are daily) |
| Mean precipitation flux | pr | kg.m-2.s-1 | The deposition of water to the Earth's surface in the form of rain, snow, ice or hail. The precipitation flux is the mass of water per unit area and time. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period. |
| 2m surface relative humidity | hurs | % | The relative humidity is the percentage ratio of the water vapour mass to the water vapour mass at the saturation point given the temperature at that location. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 2m above the surface. |
| 2m surface specific humidity | huss | Dimensionless | The amount of moisture in the air at 2m above the surface divided by the amount of air plus moisture at that location. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 2m above the surface. |
| Surface pressure | ps | Pa | The air pressure at the lower boundary of the atmosphere. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period. |
| Mean sea level pressure | psl | Pa | The air pressure at sea level. In regions where the Earth's surface is above sea level the surface pressure is used to compute the air pressure that would exist at sea level directly below given a constant air temperature from the surface to the sea level point. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period. |
| 10m Wind Speed | sfcWind | m.s-1 | The magnitude of the two-dimensional horizontal air velocity. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 10m above the surface. |
| Surface solar radiation downwards | rsds | W.m-2 | The downward shortwave radiative flux of energy per unit area. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at the surface. |
| Surface thermal radiation downward | rlds | W.m-2 | The downward longwave radiative flux of energy inciding on the surface from the above per unit area. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period. |
| Surface upwelling shortwave radiation | rsus | W.m-2 | The upward shortwave radiative flux of energy from the surface per unit area. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at the surface. |
| Total cloud cover | clt | Dimensionless | Total refers to the whole atmosphere column, as seen from the surface or the top of the atmosphere. Cloud cover refers to fraction of horizontal area occupied by clouds. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period. |
| 500hPa geopotential | zg500 | m | The gravitational potential energy per unit mass normalized by the standard gravity at 500hPa at the same latitude. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 500hPa pressure level. |
| 10m u-component of wind | uas | m.s-1 | The magnitude of the eastward component of the wind. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 10m above the surface. |
| 10m v-component of wind | vas | m.s-1 | The magnitude of the northward component of the wind. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 10m above the surface. |
| 200hPa u-component of the wind | ua200 | m.s-1 | The magnitude of the eastward component of the wind. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 200hPa above the surface. |
| 200hPa v-component of the wind | va200 | m.s-1 | The magnitude of the northward component of the wind. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 200hPa pressure level. |
| 850hPa U-component of the wind | ua850 | m.s-1 | The magnitude of the eastward component of the wind. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 850hPa pressure level. |
| 850hPa V-component of the wind | va850 | m.s-1 | The magnitude of the northward component of the wind. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period at 850hPa pressure level. |
| Total run-off flux | mrro | kg.m-2.s-1 | The mass of surface and sub-surface liquid water per unit area and time, which drains from land. The data represents the mean over the aggregation period. |
| Mean evaporation flux | evspsbl | kg.m-2.s-1 | The mass of surface and sub-surface liquid water per unit area ant time, which evaporates from land. The data includes conversion to vapour phase from both the liquid and solid phase, i.e., includes sublimation, and represents the mean over the aggregation period. |
| Land area fraction | sftlf | % | The percentage of the surface occupied by land, aka land/sea mask. The data is time-independent. |
| Orography | orog | m | The surface altitude in the model. The data is time-independent. |
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