...
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=sfc)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | (0 - 1) | lake_cover | cl | 26 | x | x | |
2 | m | lake_depth | dl | 228007 | x | x | |
3 | (0 - 1) | low_vegetation_cover | cvl | 27 | x | ||
4 | (0 - 1) | high_vegetation_cover | cvh | 28 | x | ||
5 | ~ | type_of_low_vegetation | tvl | 29 | x | ||
6 | ~ | type_of_high_vegetation | tvh | 30 | x | ||
7 | ~ | soil_type | slt | 43 | x | ||
8 | m | standard_deviation_of_filtered_subgrid_orography | sdfor | 74 | x | ||
9 | m**2 s**-2 | orography | z | 129 | x | x | |
10 | ~ | standard_deviation_of_orography | sdor | 160 | x | ||
11 | ~ | anisotropy_of_sub_gridscale_orography | isor | 161 | x | ||
12 | radians | angle_of_sub_gridscale_orography | anor | 162 | x | ||
13 | ~ | slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography | slor | 163 | x | ||
14 | (0 - 1) | land_sea_mask | lsm | 172 | x | x |
1Soil type (texture) determines the saturation, field capacity and permanent wilting point at all the soil levels, see Table 8.9 in Chapter 8 Surface parametrization, Part IV Physical Processes of the IFS documentation (CY41R2 for ERA5).
...
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=sfc)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | J kg**-1 | convective_inhibition | cin | 228001 | x | ||
2 | m s**-1 | friction_velocity | zust | 228003 | x | ||
3 | K | lake_mix_layer_temperature | lmlt | 228008 | x | x | |
4 | m | lake_mix_layer_depth | lmld | 228009 | x | x | |
5 | K | lake_bottom_temperature | lblt | 228010 | x | x | |
6 | K | lake_total_layer_temperature | ltlt | 228011 | x | x | |
7 | dimensionless | lake_shape_factor | lshf | 228012 | x | x | |
8 | K | lake_ice_temperature | lict | 228013 | x | x | |
9 | m | lake_ice_depth | licd | 228014 | x | x | |
10 | (0 - 1) | uv_visible_albedo_for_direct_radiation | aluvp | 15 | x | x | |
11 | Minimum vertical gradient of refractivity inside trapping layer | m**-1 | minimum_vertical_gradient_of_refractivity_inside_trapping_layer | dndzn | 228015 | x | |
12 | (0 - 1) | uv_visible_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation | aluvd | 16 | x | x | |
13 | Mean vertical gradient of refractivity inside trapping layer | m**-1 | mean_vertical_gradient_of_refractivity_inside_trapping_layer | dndza | 228016 | x | |
14 | (0 - 1) | near_ir_albedo_for_direct_radiation | alnip | 17 | x | x | |
15 | m | duct_base_height | dctb | 228017 | x | ||
16 | (0 - 1) | near_ir_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation | alnid | 18 | x | x | |
17 | m | trapping_layer_base_height | tplb | 228018 | x | ||
18 | m | trapping_layer_top_height | tplt | 228019 | x | ||
19 | m | cloud_base_height | cbh | 228023 | x | ||
20 | m | deg0l | 228024 | x | |||
21 | m s**-1 | instantaneous_10m_wind_gust | i10fg | 228029 | x | ||
22 | (0 - 1) | sea |
-ice_cover | ci | 31 | x | x | |||
23 | (0 - 1) | snow_albedo | asn | 32 | x | x | |
24 | kg m**-3 | snow_density | rsn | 33 | x | x | |
25 | K | sea_surface_temperature | sst | 34 | x | x | |
26 | K | ice_temperature_layer_1 | istl1 | 35 | x | x | |
27 | K | ice_temperature_layer_2 | istl2 | 36 | x | x | |
28 | K | ice_temperature_layer_3 | istl3 | 37 | x | x | |
29 | K | ice_temperature_layer_4 | istl4 | 38 | x | x | |
30 | m**3 m**-3 | volumetric_soil_water_layer_1 | swvl1 | 39 | x | x | |
31 | m**3 m**-3 | volumetric_soil_water_layer_2 | swvl2 | 40 | x | x | |
32 | m**3 m**-3 | volumetric_soil_water_layer_3 | swvl3 | 41 | x | x | |
33 | m**3 m**-3 | volumetric_soil_water_layer_4 | swvl4 | 42 | x | x | |
34 | J kg**-1 | convective_available_potential_energy | cape | 59 | x | x | |
35 | m**2 m**-2 | leaf_area_index_low_vegetation | lai_lv | 66 | x | x | |
36 | m**2 m**-2 | leaf_area_index_high_vegetation | lai_hv | 67 | x | x | |
37 | m s**-1 | 10m_u-component_of_neutral_wind | u10n | 228131 | x | x | |
38 | m s**-1 | 10m_v-component_of_neutral_wind | v10n | 228132 | x | x | |
39 | Pa | surface_pressure | sp | 134 | x | x | |
40 | K | soil_temperature_level_1 | stl1 | 139 | x | x | |
41 | m of water equivalent | snow_depth | sd | 141 | x | x | |
42 | ~ | charnock | chnk | 148 | x | x | |
43 | Pa | mean_sea_level_pressure | msl | 151 | x | x | |
44 | m | boundary_layer_height | blh | 159 | x | x | |
45 | (0 - 1) | total_cloud_cover | tcc | 164 | x | x | |
46 | m s**-1 | 10m_u-component_of_wind | 10u | 165 | x | x | |
47 | m s**-1 | 10m_v-component_of_wind | 10v | 166 | x | x | |
48 | K | 2m_temperature | 2t | 167 | x | x | |
49 | K | 2m_dewpoint_temperature | 2d | 168 | x | x | |
50 | K | soil_temperature_level_2 | stl2 | 170 | x | x | |
51 | K | soil_temperature_level_3 | stl3 | 183 | x | x | |
52 | (0 - 1) | low_cloud_cover | lcc | 186 | x | x | |
53 | (0 - 1) | medium_cloud_cover | mcc | 187 | x | x | |
54 | (0 - 1) | high_cloud_cover | hcc | 188 | x | x | |
55 | m of water equivalent | skin_reservoir_content | src | 198 | x | x | |
56 | (0 - 1) | instantaneous_large_scale_surface_precipitation_fraction | ilspf | 228217 | x | ||
57 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | convective_rain_rate | crr | 228218 | x | ||
58 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | large_scale_rain_rate | lsrr | 228219 | x | ||
59 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | convective_snowfall_rate_water_equivalent | csfr | 228220 | x | ||
60 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | large_scale_snowfall_rate_water_equivalent | lssfr | 228221 | x | ||
61 | N m**-2 | instantaneous_eastward_turbulent_surface_stress | iews | 229 | x | x | |
62 | N m**-2 | instantaneous_northward_turbulent_surface_stress | inss | 230 | x | x | |
63 | W m**-2 | instantaneous_surface_sensible_heat_flux | ishf | 231 | x | x | |
64 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | instantaneous_moisture_flux | ie | 232 | x | x | |
65 | K | skin_temperature | skt | 235 | x | x | |
66 | K | soil_temperature_level_4 | stl4 | 236 | x | x | |
67 | K | temperature_of_snow_layer | tsn | 238 | x | x | |
68 | (0 - 1) | forecast_albedo | fal | 243 | x | x | |
69 | m | forecast_surface_roughness | fsr | 244 | x | x | |
70 | ~ | forecast_logarithm_of_surface_roughness_for_heat | flsr | 245 | x | x | |
71 | m s**-1 | 100m_u-component_of_wind | 100u | 228246 | x | x | |
72 | m s**-1 | 100m_v-component_of_wind | 100v | 228247 | x | x | |
73 | code table (4.201) | precipitation_type | ptype | 260015 | x | ||
74 | K | k_index | kx | 260121 | x | ||
75 | K | total_totals_index | totalx | 260123 | x |
1
Expand | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||
|
...
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=sfc)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | s | large_scale_precipitation_fraction | lspf | 50 | x | ||
2 | J m**-2 | downward_uv_radiation_at_the_surface | uvb | 57 | x | ||
3 | J m**-2 | boundary_layer_dissipation | bld | 145 | x | ||
4 | J m**-2 | surface_sensible_heat_flux | sshf | 146 | x | ||
5 | J m**-2 | surface_latent_heat_flux | slhf | 147 | x | ||
6 | J m**-2 | surface_solar_radiation_downwards | ssrd | 169 | x | ||
7 | J m**-2 | surface_thermal_radiation_downwards | strd | 175 | x | ||
8 | J m**-2 | surface_net_solar_radiation | ssr | 176 | x | ||
9 | J m**-2 | surface_net_thermal_radiation | str | 177 | x | ||
10 | J m**-2 | top_net_solar_radiation | tsr | 178 | x | ||
11 | J m**-2 | top_net_thermal_radiation | ttr | 179 | x | ||
12 | N m**-2 s | eastward_turbulent_surface_stress | ewss | 180 | x | ||
13 | N m**-2 s | northward_turbulent_surface_stress | nsss | 181 | x | ||
14 | N m**-2 s | eastward_gravity_wave_surface_stress | lgws | 195 | x | ||
15 | N m**-2 s | northward_gravity_wave_surface_stress | mgws | 196 | x | ||
16 | J m**-2 | gravity_wave_dissipation | gwd | 197 | x | ||
17 | J m**-2 | top_net_solar_radiation_clear_sky | tsrc | 208 | x | ||
18 | J m**-2 | top_net_thermal_radiation_clear_sky | ttrc | 209 | x | ||
19 | J m**-2 | surface_net_solar_radiation_clear_sky | ssrc | 210 | x | ||
20 | J m**-2 | surface_net_thermal_radiation_clear_sky | strc | 211 | x | ||
21 | J m**-2 | toa_incident_solar_radiation | tisr | 212 | x | ||
22 | kg m**-2 | vertically_integrated_moisture_divergence | vimd | 213 | x | ||
23 | J m**-2 | total_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface | fdir | 228021 | x | ||
24 | J m**-2 | clear_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface | cdir | 228022 | x | ||
25 | J m**-2 | surface_solar_radiation_downward_clear_sky | ssrdc | 228129 | x | ||
26 | J m**-2 | surface_thermal_radiation_downward_clear_sky | strdc | 228130 | x | ||
27 | m | surface_runoff | sro | 8 | x | ||
28 | m | sub_surface_runoff | ssro | 9 | x | ||
29 | m of water equivalent | snow_evaporation | es | 44 | x | ||
30 | m of water equivalent | snowmelt | smlt | 45 | x | ||
31 | m | large_scale_precipitation | lsp | 142 | x | ||
32 | m | convective_precipitation | cp | 143 | x | ||
33 | m of water equivalent | snowfall | sf | 144 | x | ||
34 | m of water equivalent | evaporation | e | 182 | x | ||
35 | m | runoff | ro | 205 | x | ||
36 | m | total_precipitation | tp | 228 | x | ||
37 | m of water equivalent | convective_snowfall | csf | 239 | x | ||
38 | m of water equivalent | large_scale_snowfall | lsf | 240 | x | ||
39 | m | potential_evaporation | pev | 228251 | x |
The accumulations in monthly means of daily means (stream=moda/edmo), see monthly means, have been scaled to have units that include "per day", so for accumulations in these streams:
...
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=sfc)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_surface_runoff_rate | msror | 235020 | x | ||
2 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_sub_surface_runoff_rate | mssror | 235021 | x | ||
3 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_snow_evaporation_rate | mser | 235023 | x | ||
4 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_snowmelt_rate | msmr | 235024 | x | ||
5 | Proportion | mean_large_scale_precipitation_fraction | mlspf | 235026 | x | ||
6 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_downward_uv_radiation_flux | msdwuvrf | 235027 | x | ||
7 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_large_scale_precipitation_rate | mlspr | 235029 | x | ||
8 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_convective_precipitation_rate | mcpr | 235030 | x | ||
9 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_snowfall_rate | msr | 235031 | x | ||
10 | W m**-2 | mean_boundary_layer_dissipation | mbld | 235032 | x | ||
11 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_sensible_heat_flux | msshf | 235033 | x | ||
12 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_latent_heat_flux | mslhf | 235034 | x | ||
13 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux | msdwswrf | 235035 | x | ||
14 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_downward_long_wave_radiation_flux | msdwlwrf | 235036 | x | ||
15 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_net_short_wave_radiation_flux | msnswrf | 235037 | x | ||
16 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_net_long_wave_radiation_flux | msnlwrf | 235038 | x | ||
17 | W m**-2 | mean_top_net_short_wave_radiation_flux | mtnswrf | 235039 | x | ||
18 | W m**-2 | mean_top_net_long_wave_radiation_flux | mtnlwrf | 235040 | x | ||
19 | N m**-2 | mean_eastward_turbulent_surface_stress | metss | 235041 | x | ||
20 | N m**-2 | mean_northward_turbulent_surface_stress | mntss | 235042 | x | ||
21 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_evaporation_rate | mer | 235043 | x | ||
22 | N m**-2 | mean_eastward_gravity_wave_surface_stress | megwss | 235045 | x | ||
23 | N m**-2 | mean_northward_gravity_wave_surface_stress | mngwss | 235046 | x | ||
24 | W m**-2 | mean_gravity_wave_dissipation | mgwd | 235047 | x | ||
25 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_runoff_rate | mror | 235048 | x | ||
26 | W m**-2 | mean_top_net_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | mtnswrfcs | 235049 | x | ||
27 | W m**-2 | mean_top_net_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | mtnlwrfcs | 235050 | x | ||
28 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_net_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | msnswrfcs | 235051 | x | ||
29 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_net_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | msnlwrfcs | 235052 | x | ||
30 | W m**-2 | mean_top_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux | mtdwswrf | 235053 | x | ||
31 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_vertically_integrated_moisture_divergence | mvimd | 235054 | x | ||
32 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_total_precipitation_rate | mtpr | 235055 | x | ||
33 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_convective_snowfall_rate | mcsr | 235056 | x | ||
34 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_large_scale_snowfall_rate | mlssr | 235057 | x | ||
35 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_direct_short_wave_radiation_flux | msdrswrf | 235058 | x | ||
36 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_direct_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | msdrswrfcs | 235059 | x | ||
37 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | msdwswrfcs | 235068 | x | ||
38 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | msdwlwrfcs | 235069 | x | ||
39 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_potential_evaporation_rate | mper | 235070 | x |
The mean rates/fluxes in Table 4 provide similar information to the accumulations in Table 3, except they are expressed as temporal averages, and so have units of "per second". The mean rate hydrological parameters have units of "kg m-2 s-1" and so they can be multiplied by 86400 seconds (24 hours) to convert to kg m-2 day-1 or mm day-1.
...
(stream=oper/enda, levtype=sfc)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | m s**-1 | 10m_wind_gust_since_previous_post_processing | 10fg | 49 | x | ||
2 | Maximum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing | K | maximum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing | mx2t | 201 | x | |
3 | Minimum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing | K | minimum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing | mn2t | 202 | x | |
4 | Maximum total precipitation rate since previous post-processing | kg m**-2 s**-1 | maximum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing | mxtpr | 228226 | x | |
5 | Minimum total precipitation rate since previous post-processing | kg m**-2 s**-1 | minimum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing | mntpr | 228227 | x |
Anchor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo - vertical integrals not available for type=em/es, levtype=sfc
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | kg m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_mass_of_atmosphere | vima | 162053 | x | x | |
2 | K kg m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_temperature | vit | 162054 | x | x | |
3 | J m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_kinetic_energy | vike | 162059 | x | x | |
4 | J m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_thermal_energy | vithe | 162060 | x | x | |
5 | J m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_potential_and_internal_energy | vipie | 162061 | x | x | |
6 | J m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_potential_internal_and_latent_energy | vipile | 162062 | x | x | |
7 | J m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_total_energy | vitoe | 162063 | x | x | |
8 | W m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_energy_conversion | viec | 162064 | x | x | |
9 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_mass_flux | vimae | 162065 | x | x | |
10 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_mass_flux | viman | 162066 | x | x | |
11 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_kinetic_energy_flux | vikee | 162067 | x | x | |
12 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_kinetic_energy_flux | viken | 162068 | x | x | |
13 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_heat_flux | vithee | 162069 | x | x | |
14 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_heat_flux | vithen | 162070 | x | x | |
15 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_water_vapour_flux | viwve | 162071 | x | x | |
16 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_water_vapour_flux | viwvn | 162072 | x | x | |
17 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_geopotential_flux | vige | 162073 | x | x | |
18 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_geopotential_flux | vign | 162074 | x | x | |
19 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_total_energy_flux | vitoee | 162075 | x | x | |
20 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_total_energy_flux | vitoen | 162076 | x | x | |
21 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_ozone_flux | vioze | 162077 | x | x | |
22 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_ozone_flux | viozn | 162078 | x | x | |
23 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_cloud_liquid_water_flux | vilwd | 162079 | x | x | |
24 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_cloud_frozen_water_flux | viiwd | 162080 | x | x | |
25 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_mass_flux | vimad | 162081 | x | x | |
26 | W m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_kinetic_energy_flux | viked | 162082 | x | x | |
27 | W m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_thermal_energy_flux | vithed | 162083 | x | x | |
28 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_moisture_flux | viwvd | 162084 | x | x | |
29 | W m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_geopotential_flux | vigd | 162085 | x | x | |
30 | W m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_total_energy_flux | vitoed | 162086 | x | x | |
31 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_ozone_flux | viozd | 162087 | x | x | |
32 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_cloud_liquid_water_flux | vilwe | 162088 | x | x | |
33 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_cloud_liquid_water_flux | vilwn | 162089 | x | x | |
34 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_cloud_frozen_water_flux | viiwe | 162090 | x | x | |
35 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_cloud_frozen_water_flux | viiwn | 162091 | x | x | |
36 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_mass_tendency | vimat | 162092 | x | ||
37 | kg m**-2 | total_column_cloud_liquid_water | tclw | 78 | x | x | |
38 | kg m**-2 | total_column_cloud_ice_water | tciw | 79 | x | x | |
39 | kg m**-2 | total_column_supercooled_liquid_water | tcslw | 228088 | x | ||
40 | kg m**-2 | total_column_rain_water | tcrw | 228089 | x | x | |
41 | kg m**-2 | total_column_snow_water | tcsw | 228090 | x | x | |
42 | kg m**-2 | total_column_water | tcw | 136 | x | x | |
43 | kg m**-2 | total_column_water_vapour | tcwv | 137 | x | x | |
44 | kg m**-2 | total_column_ozone | tco3 | 206 | x | x |
Anchor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
(stream=wave/ewda/wamo/wamd/ewmm/ewmo)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | m | significant_wave_height_of_first_swell_partition | swh1 | 140121 | x | x | ||||||
2 | degrees | mean_wave_direction_of_first_swell_partition | mwd1 | 140122 | x | x | ||||||
3 | s | mean_wave_period_of_first_swell_partition | mwp1 | 140123 | x | x | ||||||
4 | m | significant_wave_height_of_second_swell_partition | swh2 | 140124 | x | x | ||||||
5 | degrees | mean_wave_period_of_second_swell_partition | mwd2 | 140125 | x | x | ||||||
6 | s | mean_wave_period_of_second_swell_partition | mwp2 | 140126 | x | x | ||||||
7 | m | significant_wave_height_of_third_swell_partition | swh3 | 140127 | x | x | ||||||
8 | degrees | mean_wave_direction_of_third_swell_partition | mwd3 | 140128 | x | x | ||||||
9 | s | mean_wave_period_of_third_swell_partition | mwp3 | 140129 | x | x | ||||||
10 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_skewness | wss | 140207 | x | x | ||||||
11 | m s**-1 | free_convective_velocity_over_the_oceans | wstar | 140208 | x | x | ||||||
12 | kg m**-3 | air_density_over_the_oceans | rhoao | 140209 | x | x | ||||||
13 | dimensionless | normalized_energy_flux_into_waves | phiaw | 140211 | x | x | ||||||
14 | dimensionless | normalized_energy_flux_into_ocean | phioc | 140212 | x | x | ||||||
15 | dimensionless | normalized_stress_into_ocean | tauoc | 140214 | x | x | ||||||
16 | m s**-1 | u_component_stokes_drift | ust | 140215 | x | x | ||||||
17 | m s**-1 | v_component_stokes_drift | vst | 140216 | x | x | ||||||
18 | s | period_corresponding_to_maximum_individual_wave_height | tmax | 140217 | x | x | ||||||
19 | m | maximum_individual_wave_height | hmax | 140218 | x | x | ||||||
20 | m | model_bathymetry | wmb | 140219 | x | x | ||||||
21 | s | mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment | mp1 | 140220 | x | x | ||||||
22 | s | mean_zero_crossing_wave_period | mp2 | 140221 | x | x | ||||||
23 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_directional_width | wdw | 140222 | x | x | ||||||
24 | s | mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment_for_wind_waves | p1ww | 140223 | x | x | ||||||
25 | s | mean_wave_period_based_on_second_moment_for_wind_waves | p2ww | 140224 | x | x | ||||||
26 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_directional_width_for_wind_waves | dwww | 140225 | x | x | ||||||
27 | s | mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment_for_swell | p1ps | 140226 | x | x | ||||||
28 | s | mean_wave_period_based_on_second_moment_for_wind_waves | p2ps | 140227 | x | x | ||||||
29 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_directional_width_for_swell | dwps | 140228 | x | x | ||||||
30 | m | significant_height_of_combined_wind_waves_and_swell | swh | 140229 | x | x | ||||||
31 | degrees | mean_wave_direction | mwd | 140230 | x | x | ||||||
32 | s | peak_wave_period | pp1d | 140231 | x | x | ||||||
33 | s | mean_wave_period | mwp | 140232 | x | x | ||||||
34 | dimensionless | coefficient_of_drag_with_waves | cdww | 140233 | x | x | ||||||
35 | m | significant_height_of_wind_waves | shww | 140234 | x | x | ||||||
36 | degrees | mean_direction_of_wind_waves | mdww | 140235 | x | x | ||||||
37 | s | mean_period_of_wind_waves | mpww | 140236 | x | x | ||||||
38 | m | significant_height_of_total_swell | shts | 140237 | x | x | ||||||
39 | degrees | mean_direction_of_total_swell | mdts | 140238 | x | x | ||||||
40 | s | mean_period_of_total_swell | mpts | 140239 | x | x | ||||||
41 | dimensionless | mean_square_slope_of_waves | msqs | 140244 | x | x | ||||||
42 |
| m s**-1 | ocean_surface_stress_equivalent_10m_neutral_wind_speed | wind | 140245 | x | x | |||||
43 | degrees | ocean_surface_stress_equivalent_10m_neutral_wind_direction | dwi | 140249 | x | x | ||||||
44 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_kurtosis | wsk | 140252 | x | x | ||||||
45 | dimensionless | benjamin_feir_index | bfi | 140253 | x | x | ||||||
46 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_peakedness | wsp | 140254 | x | x | ||||||
47 | m | Not available from the CDS disks | awh | 140246 | x | |||||||
48 | m | Not available from the CDS disks | acwh | 140247 | x | |||||||
49 | ~ | Not available from the CDS disks | arrc | 140248 | x | |||||||
50 | m**2 s radian**-1 | Not available from the CDS disks | 2dfd | 140251 | x |
1for 30 frequencies and 24 directions
...
(stream=mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=sfc or wamo/wamd/ewmm/ewmo)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | (0 - 1) | uv_visible_albedo_for_direct_radiation | aluvp | 15 | x | no mean | |
2 | (0 - 1) | uv_visible_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation | aluvd | 16 | x | no mean | |
3 | (0 - 1) | near_ir_albedo_for_direct_radiation | alnip | 17 | x | no mean | |
4 | (0 - 1) | near_ir_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation | alnid | 18 | x | no mean | |
5 | N m**-2 s | magnitude of turbulent surface stress | magss | 48 | x | ||
6 | Mean magnitude of turbulent surface stress2 | N m**-2 | mean magnitude of turbulent surface stress | mmtss | 235025 | x | |
7 | m s**-1 | 10m_wind_gust_since_previous_post_processing | 10fg | 49 | no mean | ||
8 | Maximum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing | K | maximum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing | mx2t | 201 | no mean | |
9 | Minimum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing | K | minimum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing | mn2t | 202 | no mean | |
10 | m s**-1 | 10m wind speed | 10si | 207 | x | x | |
11 | Maximum total precipitation rate since previous post-processing | kg m**-2 s**-1 | maximum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing | mxtpr | 228226 | no mean | |
12 | Minimum total precipitation rate since previous post-processing | kg m**-2 s**-1 | minimum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing | mntpr | 228227 | no mean | |
13 | m | Not available from the CDS disks | awh | 140246 | no mean | ||
14 | m | Not available from the CDS disks | acwh | 140247 | no mean | ||
15 | ~ | Not available from the CDS disks | arrc | 140248 | no mean | ||
16 | m**2 s radian**-1 | Not available from the CDS disks | 2dfd | 140251 | no mean |
1Accumulated parameter
2Mean rate/flux parameter
3Instantaneous parameter
Anchor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=pl)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | K m**2 kg**-1 s**-1 | potential_vorticity | pv | 60 | x | x | |
2 | kg kg**-1 | specific_rain_water_content | crwc | 75 | x | x | |
3 | kg kg**-1 | specific_snow_water_content | cswc | 76 | x | x | |
4 | m**2 s**-2 | geopotential | z | 129 | x | x | |
5 | K | temperature | t | 130 | x | x | |
6 | m s**-1 | u_component_of_wind | u | 131 | x | x | |
7 | m s**-1 | v_component_of_wind | v | 132 | x | x | |
8 | kg kg**-1 | specific_humidity | q | 133 | x | x | |
9 | Pa s**-1 | vertical_velocity | w | 135 | x | x | |
10 | s**-1 | vorticity | vo | 138 | x | x | |
11 | s**-1 | divergence | d | 155 | x | x | |
12 | % | relative_humidity | r | 157 | x | x | |
13 | kg kg**-1 | ozone_mass_mixing_ratio | o3 | 203 | x | x | |
14 | kg kg**-1 | specific_cloud_liquid_water_content | clwc | 246 | x | x | |
15 | kg kg**-1 | specific_cloud_ice_water_content | ciwc | 247 | x | x | |
16 | (0 - 1) | fraction_of_cloud_cover | cc | 248 | x | x |
Anchor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
(not available from the CDS disks)
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=pt)
count | name | units | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | m**2 s**-2 | mont | 53 | x | ||
2 | Pa | pres | 54 | x | ||
3 | K m**2 kg**-1 s**-1 | pv | 60 | x | ||
4 | m s**-1 | u | 131 | x | ||
5 | m s**-1 | v | 132 | x | ||
6 | kg kg**-1 | q | 133 | x | ||
7 | s**-1 | vo | 138 | x | ||
8 | s**-1 | d | 155 | x | ||
9 | kg kg**-1 | o3 | 203 | x |
Anchor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
(not available from the CDS disks)
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=pv)
count | name | units | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | K | pt | 3 | x | ||
2 | Pa | pres | 54 | x | ||
3 | m**2 s**-2 | z | 129 | x | ||
4 | m s**-1 | u | 131 | x | ||
5 | m s**-1 | v | 132 | x | ||
6 | kg kg**-1 | q | 133 | x | ||
7 | kg kg**-1 | o3 | 203 | x |
Anchor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
(GRIB2 format)
(not available from the CDS disks)
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=ml)
count | name | units | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | kg kg**-1 | crwc | 75 | x | x | |
2 | kg kg**-1 | cswc | 76 | x | x | |
3 | s**-1 | etadot | 77 | x | x | |
4 | m**2 s**-2 | z | 129 | x | x | |
5 | K | t | 130 | x | x | |
6 | m s**-1 | u | 131 | x | x | |
7 | m s**-1 | v | 132 | x | x | |
8 | kg kg**-1 | q | 133 | x | x | |
9 | Pa s**-1 | w | 135 | x | x | |
10 | s**-1 | vo | 138 | x | x | |
11 | ~ | lnsp | 152 | x | x | |
12 | s**-1 | d | 155 | x | x | |
13 | kg kg**-1 | o3 | 203 | x | x | |
14 | kg kg**-1 | clwc | 246 | x | x | |
15 | kg kg**-1 | ciwc | 247 | x | x | |
16 | (0 - 1) | cc | 248 | x | x |
1Only archived on level=1.
...
(GRIB2 format)
(not available from the CDS disks)
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=ml)
count | name | units | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mean temperature tendency due to short-wave radiation | K s**-1 | mttswr | 235001 | x | |
2 | Mean temperature tendency due to long-wave radiation | K s**-1 | mttlwr | 235002 | x | |
3 | Mean temperature tendency due to short-wave radiation, clear sky | K s**-1 | mttswrcs | 235003 | x | |
4 | Mean temperature tendency due to long-wave radiation, clear sky | K s**-1 | mttlwrcs | 235004 | x | |
5 | Mean temperature tendency due to parametrisations | K s**-1 | mttpm | 235005 | x | |
6 | Mean specific humidity tendency due to parametrisations | kg kg**-1 s**-1 | mqtpm | 235006 | x | |
7 | Mean eastward wind tendency due to parametrisations | m s**-2 | mutpm | 235007 | x | |
8 | Mean northward wind tendency due to parametrisations | m s**-2 | mvtpm | 235008 | x | |
9 | Mean updraught mass flux1 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mumf | 235009 | x | |
10 | Mean downdraught mass flux1 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mdmf | 235010 | x | |
11 | Mean updraught detrainment rate | kg m**-3 s**-1 | mudr | 235011 | x | |
12 | Mean downdraught detrainment rate | kg m**-3 s**-1 | mddr | 235012 | x | |
13 | Mean total precipitation flux1 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mtpf | 235013 | x | |
14 | Mean turbulent diffusion coefficient for heat1 | m**2 s**-1 | mtdch | 235014 | x |
1These parameters provide data for the model half levels - the interfaces of the model layers.
...
Anchor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sensor | Satellite | Satellite agency | Data provider+ | Measurement (sensitivities exploited in ERA5 / variables analysed) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Satellite radiances (infrared and microwave) | ||||
AIRS | AQUA | NASA | NOAA | BT (T, humidity and ozone) |
AMSR-2 | GCOM-W1* | JAXA | BT (column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation and ocean surface wind speed) | |
AMSRE | AQUA* | JAXA | BT (column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation and ocean surface wind speed) | |
AMSUA | NOAA-15/16/17/18/19, AQUA, METOP-A/B | NOAA,ESA,EUMETSAT | BT (T) | |
AMSUB | NOAA-15/16/17 | NOAA | BT (humidity) | |
ATMS | NPP | NOAA | BT (T and humidity) | |
CRIS | NPP | NOAA | BT (T, humidity and ozone) | |
HIRS | TIROS-N, NOAA-6 /7/8/9/11/14 | NOAA | BT (T, humidity and ozone) | |
IASI | METOP-A/B | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | BT (T, humidity and ozone) |
GMI | GPM | NASA/JAXA | BT (humidity, column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation, ocean surface wind speed) | |
MHS | NOAA-18/19, METOP-A/B | NOAA, EUMETSAT/ESA | BT (humidity and precipitation) | |
MSU | TIROS-N, NOAA-6 to 12, NOAA-14 | BT (T) | ||
MWHS | FY-3-A/B | NRSCC | BT (humidity) | |
MWHS2 | FY-3-C | CMA | BT (T, humidity and precipitation) | |
MWTS | FY-3A/B | NRSCC | BT (T) | |
MWTS2 | FY-3C | CMA | BT (T) | |
SSM/I | DMSP-08*/10*/11*/13*/14*/15* | US Navy | NOAA,CMSAF* | BT (column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation and ocean surface wind speed) |
SSMIS | DMSP-16/17/18 | US Navy | NOAA | BT (T, humidity, column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation and ocean surface wind speed) |
SSU | TIROS-N, NOAA-6/7/8/9/11/14 | NOAA | BT (T) | |
TMI | TRMM | NASA/JAXA | BT (column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation, ocean surface wind speed) | |
MVIRI | METEOSAT 5/7 | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | BT (water vapour, surface/cloud top T) |
SEVIRI | METEOSAT-8*/9*/10 | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | BT (water vapour, surface/cloud top T) |
GOES IMAGER | GOES-8/9/10/11/12/13/15 | NOAA | CIMMS,NESDIS | BT (water vapour, surface/cloud top T) |
MTSAT IMAGER | MTSAT-1R/MTSAT-2 | JMA | BT (water vapour, surface/cloud top T) | |
AHI | Himawari-8 | JMA | BT (water vapour, surface/cloud top T) | |
Satellite retrievals from radiance data | ||||
MVIRI | METEOSAT-2*/3*/4*/5*/7* | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | wind vector |
SEVIRI | METEOSAT-8*/9*/10 | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | wind vector |
GOES IMAGER | GOES-4-6/8*/9*/10*/11*/12*/13*/15* | NOAA | CIMMS*,NESDIS | wind vector |
GMS IMAGER | GMS-1*/2/3*/4*/5* | JMA | wind vector | |
MTSAT IMAGER | MTSAT-1R*/MTSAT2 | JMA | wind vector | |
AHI | Himawari-8 | JMA | JMA | wind vector |
AVHRR | NOAA-7 /9/10/11/12/14 to 18, METOP-A | NOAA | CIMMS,EUMETSAT | wind vector |
MODIS | AQUA/TERRA | NASA | NESDIS,CIMMS | wind vector |
GOME | ERS-2* | ESA | Ozone | |
GOME-2 | METOP*-A/B | ESA/EUMETSAT | Ozone | |
MIPAS | ENVISAT* | ESA | Ozone | |
MLS | EOS-AURA* | NASA | Ozone | |
OMI | EOS-AURA* | NASA | Ozone | |
SBUV,SBUV-2 | NIMBUS-7*,NOAA*9/11/14/16/17/18/19 | NOAA | NASA | Ozone |
SCIAMACHY | ENVISAT* | ESA | Ozone | |
TOMS | NIMBUS-7*,METEOR-3-5,ADEOS-1*,EARTH PROBE | NASA | Ozone | |
Satellite GPS-Radio Occultation data | ||||
BlackJack | CHAMP,GRACE*-A/B,SAC-C* | DLR,NASA/DLR,NASA/COMAE | GFZ,UCAR* | Bending angle |
GRAS | METOP-A/B | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | Bending angle |
IGOR | TerraSAR-X*, TanDEM-X, COSMIC*-1 to 6 | NSPO/NOAA | GFZ,UCAR* | Bending angle |
Satellite scatterometer data | ||||
AMI | ERS-1,ERS-2 | ESA | Backscatter sigma0, soil moisture | |
ASCAT | METOP-A/B* | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT/TU Wien | Backscatter sigma0, soil moisture |
OSCAT | OCEANSAT-2 | ISRO | KNMI | Backscatter sigma0, vector wind |
SEAWINDS | QUIKSCAT | NASA | NASA | Backscatter sigma0 |
Satellite Altimeter data | ||||
RA | ERS-1*/2* | ESA | Wave Height | |
RA-2 | ENVISAT* | ESA | Wave Height | |
Poseidon-2 | JASON-1* | CNES/NASA | CNES | Wave Height |
Poseidon-3 | JASON-2 | CNES/NOAA/NASA/EUMETSAT | NOAA/EUMETSAT | Wave Height |
SIRAL | CRYOSAT-2 | ESA | Wave Height | |
AltiKa | SARAL | CNES/ISRO | EUMETSAT | Wave Height |
* reprocessed dataset
+ when different than the satellite agency
Anchor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Dataset name | Observation type | Measurement |
---|---|---|
SYNOP | Land station | Surface Pressure, Temperature, wind, humidity |
METAR | Land station | Surface Pressure, Temperature, wind,humidity |
DRIBU/DRIBU-BATHY/DRIBU-TESAC/BUFR Drifting Buoy | Drifting buoys | 10m-wind, Surface Pressure |
BUFR Moored Buoy | Moored buoys | 10m-wind, Surface Pressure |
SHIP | ship station | Surface Pressure, Temperature, wind, humidity |
Land/ship PILOT | Radiosondes | wind profiles |
American Wind Profiler | Radar | wind profiles |
European Wind Profiler | Radar | wind profiles |
Japanese Wind Profiler | Radar | wind profiles |
TEMP SHIP | Radiosondes | Temperature, wind, humidity profiles |
DROP Sonde | Aircraft-sondes | Temperature, wind profiles |
Land/Mobile TEMP | Radiosondes | Temperature, wind, humidity profiles |
AIREP | Aircraft data | Temperature, wind profiles |
AMDAR | Aircraft data | Temperature, wind profiles |
ACARS | Aircraft data | Temperature, wind profiles, humidity |
WIGOS AMDAR | Aircraft data | Temperature, wind profiles |
Ground based radar | Radar precipitation composites | Rain rates |
Anchor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
Dataset name | Observation type | Measurement |
---|---|---|
SYNOP | Land station | Snow depth |
Additional national reports | Land station | Snow depth |
NOAA/NESDIS IMS | Merged satellite | Snow cover (NH only) |
Computation of near-surface humidity and snow cover
Near-surface humidity
Near-surface humidity is not archived directly in ERA datasets, but the archive contains near-surface (2m from the surface) temperature (T), dew point temperature (Td), and surface pressure[1] (sp) from which you can calculate specific and relative humidity at 2m.
- Specific humidity can be calculated over water and ice using equations 7.4 and 7.5 from Part IV, Physical processes section (Chapter 7, section 7.2.1b) in the documentation of the IFS for CY41R2. Use the 2m dew point temperature and surface pressure (which is approximately equal to the pressure at 2m) in these equations. The constants in 7.4 are to be found in Chapter 12 (of Part IV: Physical processes) and the parameters in 7.5 should be set for saturation over water because the dew point temperature is being used.
- Relative humidity should be calculated: RH = 100 * es(Td)/es(T)
Relative humidity can be calculate with respect to saturation over water, ice or mixed phase by defining es(T) with respect to saturation over water, ice or mixed phase (water and ice). The usual practice is to define near-surface relative humidity with respect to saturation over water.
[1] Access to surface pressure varies by dataset. For example, for ERA-Interim surface pressure is available from the Web Interface and from the WebAPI, while for ERA-40 surface pressure is not available from the Web Interface, but only via the WebAPI.
Snow Cover
In the ECMWF model (IFS), snow is represented by an additional layer on top of the uppermost soil level. The whole grid box may not be covered in snow. The snow cover gives the fraction of the grid box that is covered in snow.
For ERA5, the snow cover (SC) is computed using snow water equivalent (ie parameter SD (141.128)) as follows:
Panel | ||
---|---|---|
| ||
snow_cover (SC) = min(1, (RW*SD/RSN) / 0.1 ) where RW is density of water equal to 1000 and RSN is density of snow (parameter 33.128). |
...
Guidelines
The following advice is intended to help users understand particular features of the ERA5 data:
- Sea surface temperature and sea-ice cover (sea ice area fraction), see Table 2 above, are available at the usual times, eg hourly for the HRES, but their content is only updated once daily.
- Mean rates/fluxes and accumulations at step=0 have values of zero because the length of the processing period is zero.
Expand title ERA5: mixing CDS and MARS data In the ECMWF data archive (MARS), ERA5 data is archived on various native grids. For the CDS disks, ERA5 data have been interpolated and are stored on regular latitude/longitude grids. For more information, see 82870405.
Storing the data on these different grids can cause incompatibilities, particularly when comparing native spherical harmonic, pressure level, MARS data with CDS disk data on a third, coarse grid.
Native spherical harmonic, pressure level parameters are comprised of: Geopotential, Temperature, U component of wind, V component of wind, Vertical velocity, Vorticity, Divergence and Relative humidity. When these parameters are retrieved from MARS and a coarse output grid is specified, the default behaviour is that the spherical harmonics are truncated to prevent aliasing on the output grid. The coarser the output grid, the more severe the truncation. This truncation removes the higher wavenumbers, making the data smoother. However, the CDS disk data has been simply interpolated to the third grid, without smoothing.
This incompatibility is particularly relevant when comparing ERA5.1 data (which are only available from MARS - see 82870405 - and only for 2000-2006) with ERA5 data on the CDS disks.
The simplest means of minimising such incompatibilities is to retrieve the MARS data on the same grid as that used to store the ERA5 CDS disk data.
Expand title ERA5: Land-sea mask for wave variables The land-sea mask in ERA5 is an invariant field.
This parameter is the proportion of land, as opposed to ocean or inland waters (lakes, reservoirs, rivers and coastal waters), in a grid box.
This parameter has values ranging between zero and one and is dimensionless.
In cycles of the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) from CY41R1 (introduced in May 2015) onwards, grid boxes where this parameter has a value above 0.5 can be comprised of a mixture of land and inland water but not ocean. Grid boxes with a value of 0.5 and below can only be comprised of a water surface. In the latter case, the lake cover is used to determine how much of the water surface is ocean or inland water.The ERA5 land-sea mask provided is not suitable for direct use with wave parameters, as the time variability of the sea-ice cover needs to be taken into account and wave parameters are undefined for non-sea points.
In order to produce a land-sea mask for use with wave parameters, users need to download the following ERA5 data (for the required period):
- the model bathymetry (Model bathymetry. Fig 1)
- the sea-ice cover (Sea ice area fraction, Fig 2)
and combine these data to produce the land-sea mask (Fig 3). See attached pictures:
Fig 1: Model bathymetry Fig 2: Sea-ice cover Fig 3: Combined mask
Note Please note that sea-ice cover is only updated once daily.
Please see the Toolbox workflow below to see a possible way to proceed. The results is a carousel of land-sea mask for each time step requested:
Code Block title Toolbox workflow collapse true import cdstoolbox as ct @ct.application(title='Download data') @ct.output.download() @ct.output.carousel() def download_application(): count = 0 years=['1980'] months = [ '01', #'02', '03', # '04', '05', '06', # '07', '08', '09', # '10', '11', '12' ] # For hourly data hourly=True # For monthly data monthly=True hourly = True monthly = False for yr in years: for mn in months:
Guidelines
The following advice is intended to help users understand particular features of the ERA5 data:
- Sea surface temperature and sea-ice cover (see Table 2 above) are available at the usual times, eg hourly for the HRES, but their content is only updated once daily.
- Mean rates and accumulations at step=0 have values of zero because the length of the processing period is zero.
Expand title ERA5: mixing CDS and MARS data In the ECMWF data archive (MARS), ERA5 data is archived on various native grids. For the CDS disks, ERA5 data have been interpolated and are stored on regular latitude/longitude grids. For more information, see 82870405.
Storing the data on these different grids can cause incompatibilities, particularly when comparing native spherical harmonic, pressure level, MARS data with CDS disk data on a third, coarse grid.
Native spherical harmonic, pressure level parameters are comprised of: Geopotential, Temperature, U component of wind, V component of wind, Vertical velocity, Vorticity, Divergence and Relative humidity. When these parameters are retrieved from MARS and a coarse output grid is specified, the default behaviour is that the spherical harmonics are truncated to prevent aliasing on the output grid. The coarser the output grid, the more severe the truncation. This truncation removes the higher wavenumbers, making the data smoother. However, the CDS disk data has been simply interpolated to the third grid, without smoothing.
This incompatibility is particularly relevant when comparing ERA5.1 data (which are only available from MARS - see 82870405 - and only for 2000-2006) with ERA5 data on the CDS disks.
The simplest means of minimising such incompatibilities is to retrieve the MARS data on the same grid as that used to store the ERA5 CDS disk data.
Expand title ERA5: Land-sea mask for wave variables The land-sea mask in ERA5 is an invariant field.
This parameter is the proportion of land, as opposed to ocean or inland waters (lakes, reservoirs, rivers and coastal waters), in a grid box.
This parameter has values ranging between zero and one and is dimensionless.
In cycles of the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) from CY41R1 (introduced in May 2015) onwards, grid boxes where this parameter has a value above 0.5 can be comprised of a mixture of land and inland water but not ocean. Grid boxes with a value of 0.5 and below can only be comprised of a water surface. In the latter case, the lake cover is used to determine how much of the water surface is ocean or inland water.The ERA5 land-sea mask provided is not suitable for direct use with wave parameters, as the time variability of the sea ice cover needs to be take into account and wave parameters are undefined for non-sea points.
In order to produce a land-sea mask for use with wave parameters, users need to download the following ERA5 data (for the required period):
- the model bathymetry (Model bathymetry. Fig 1)
- the sea ice cover (Sea ice area fraction, Fig 2)
and combine these data to produce the land-sea mask (Fig 3). See attached pictures:
Fig 1: Model bathymetry field Fig 2: Sea ice cover field Fig 3: Combined mask
Note Please note that sea-ice cover is only updated once daily.
Please see the Toolbox workflow below to see a possible way to proceed. The results is a carousel of land-sea mask for each time step requested:
Code Block title Toolbox workflow collapse true import cdstoolbox as ct @ct.application(title='Download data') @ct.output.download() @ct.output.carousel() def download_application(): count = 0 years=['1980'] months = [ '01', #'02', '03', if hourly == True: # '04'mb, '05', '06', si = get_hourly_data(yr, mn) # elif '07', '08', '09',monthly == True: # '10', '11', '12' mb,si ] # For hourly data hourly=True # For monthly data monthly=True = get_monthly_data(yr, mn) hourly = True monthly = False for yr in years: for mn in months: print(mb) # Check values are >= 0.0 in the model bathymetry mask if hourly == True: compare_ge_mb = ct.operator.ge(mb, 0.0) print(si) # Check values are mb,si = get_hourly_data(yr, mn)> 0.5 in the sea ice mask elif monthly == True: compare_ge_si = ct.operator.gt(si, 0.500) # Invert model bathymetry mask new mb,si= = get_monthly_data(yr, mn) ct.operator.add(compare_ge_mb, -1.0) new1 = ct.operator.mul(new, -1.0) # Add the Bathymetry Mask to the Sea Ice Mask print(mb) # Check values arenew_all >= 0.0 in the model bathymetry maskct.operator.add(compare_ge_si,new1) # Reset scale to land=1, ocean=0 comparenew_geall_mbfinal = ct.operator.ge(mbnew_all, 01.0) print(sinew_all_final) # Check values are > 0.5 in the sea ice mask if count == 0: compare_ge_si = ct.operator.gt(si, 0.500) # Invert model bathymetry mask combined_mask = new_all_final new = ct.operator.add(compare_ge_mb, -1.0) else: new1combined_mask = ct.operatorcube.mul(new, -1.0) # Add the Bathymetry Mask to the Sea Ice Mask new_allconcat([combined_mask, new_all_final], dim = 'time') count = count + 1 renamed_data = ct.operatorcdm.addrename(comparecombined_ge_si,new1) # Reset scale to land=1, ocean=0mask, "wavemask") new_all_finaldata = ct.operatorcdm.geupdate_attributes(newrenamed_all, 1.0data, attrs={'long_name': 'Wave Land Sea Mask'}) combined_mask = new_data print(new_all_final) "combined_mask") print(combined_mask) # Plot ifmask countfor == 0:first timestep fig_list = ct.cdsplot.geoseries(combined_mask) return combined_mask = new_all_final, fig_list def get_monthly_data(y,m): m,s = ct.catalogue.retrieve( else:'reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means', { combined_mask = ct.cube.concat([combined_mask, new_all_final], dim = 'time') 'product_type': 'monthly_averaged_reanalysis', count = count + 1 'variable': [ renamed_data = ct.cdm.rename(combined_mask, "wavemask") new_data = ct.cdm.update_attributes(renamed_data, attrs={'longmodel_namebathymetry':, 'Wave Land Sea Mask'})sea_ice_cover', combined_mask = new_data print("combined_mask") ], print(combined_mask) # Plot mask for first timestep 'year': y, fig_list = ct.cdsplot.geoseries(combined_mask) return combined_mask, fig_list 'month': m, 'time': '00:00', } ) return m, s def get_monthlyhourly_data(y,m): m,s = ct.catalogue.retrieve( 'reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means', { 'product_type': 'monthly_averaged_reanalysis', 'variable': [ 'model_bathymetry', 'sea_ice_cover', ], 'year': y, 'month': m, 'timeday': '00:00',[ } '01', )'02', '03', return m, s def get_hourly_data(y,m):'04', '05', '06', m,s = ct.catalogue.retrieve( '07', '08', 'reanalysis-era5-single-levels09', { '10', '11', '12', 'product_type':13', '14', 'reanalysis15', 'variable': [16', '17', '18', 'model_bathymetry'19', '20', 'sea_ice_cover21', ] '22', '23', '24', '25', 'year26':, y'27', '28', 'month29':, m'30', 'day31': [, '01', '02', '03'], '04time', '05', '06',: [ '0700:00', '0801:00', '0902:00', '1003:00', '1104:00', '1205:00', '1306:00', '1407:00', '1508:00', '1609:00', '1710:00', '1811:00', '1912:00', '2013:00', '2114:00', '2215:00', '2316:00', '2417:00', '2518:00', '2619:00', '2720:00', '2821:00', '2922:00', '3023:00', '31'], ],} 'time': [) '00:00', '01:00', '02:00', '03:00', '04:00', '05:00', '06:00', '07:00', '08:00', '09:00', '10:00', '11:00', '12:00', '13:00', '14:00', '15:00', '16:00', '17:00', '18:00', '19:00', '20:00', '21:00', '22:00', '23:00', ], } ) return m, s return m, s
Expand title Altimeter wave parameters The following wave parameters are sparse observations, or quantities derived from the observations, that have been interpolated to the wave model grid and contain many missing values:
- altimeter_wave_height (140246)
- altimeter_corrected_wave_height (140247)
- altimeter_range_relative_correction (140248)
These parameters are not available from the CDS disks but can be retrieved from MARS using the CDS API. For further guidelines, please see: Altimeter wave height in the Climate Data Store (CDS)
Expand title Computation of near-surface humidity Near-surface humidity is not archived directly in ERA datasets, but the archive contains near-surface (2m from the surface) temperature (T), dew point temperature (Td), and surface pressure[1] (sp) from which you can calculate specific and relative humidity at 2m.
- Specific humidity can be calculated over water and ice using equations 7.4 and 7.5 from Part IV, Physical processes section (Chapter 7, section 7.2.1b) in the documentation of the IFS for CY41R2. Use the 2m dew point temperature and surface pressure (which is approximately equal to the pressure at 2m) in these equations. The constants in 7.4 are to be found in Chapter 12 (of Part IV: Physical processes) and the parameters in 7.5 should be set for saturation over water because the dew point temperature is being used.
- Relative humidity should be calculated: RH = 100 * es(Td)/es(T)
Relative humidity can be calculate with respect to saturation over water, ice or mixed phase by defining es(T) with respect to saturation over water, ice or mixed phase (water and ice). The usual practice is to define near-surface relative humidity with respect to saturation over water.
Expand title Computation of snow cover In the ECMWF model (IFS), snow is represented by an additional layer on top of the uppermost soil level. The whole grid box may not be covered in snow. The snow cover gives the fraction of the grid box that is covered in snow.
For ERA5, the snow cover (SC) is computed using snow water equivalent (ie parameter SD (141.128)) as follows:
Panel title ERA5 Snow cover formula snow_cover (SC) = min(1, (RW*SD/RSN) / 0.1 )
where RW is density of water equal to 1000 and RSN is density of snow (parameter 33.128).
ERA5 physical depth of snow where there is snow cover is equal to RW*SD/(RSN*SC).
Known issues
Currently, we are aware of these issues with ERA5:
- ERA5 uncertainty: although small values of ensemble spread correctly mark more confident estimates than large values, numerical values are over confident. The spread does give an indication of the relative, random uncertainty in space and time.
ERA5 suffers from an overly strong equatorial mesospheric jet, particularly in the transition seasons.
From 2000 to 2006, ERA5 has a poor fit to radiosonde temperatures in the stratosphere, with a cold bias in the lower stratosphere. In addition, a warm bias higher up persists for much of the period from 1979. The lower stratospheric cold bias was rectified in a re-run for the years 2000 to 2006, called ERA5.1, see "Resolved issues" below.
- Discontinuities in ERA5: ERA5 is produced by several parallel experiments, each for a different period, which are then appended together to create the final product. This can create discontinuities at the transition points.
- The analysed "2 metre temperature" can be larger than the forecast "Maximum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing".
- The analysed 10 metre wind speed (derived from the 10 metre wind components) can be larger than the forecast "10 metre wind gust since previous post-processing".
- ERA5 diurnal cycle for winds: the hourly data reveals a mismatch in the analysed near surface wind speed between the end of one assimilation cycle and the beginning of the next (which occurs at 9:00 and 21:00 UTC). This problem mostly occurs in low latitude oceanic regions, though it can also be seen over Europe and the USA. We cannot rectify this problem in the analyses. The forecast near surface winds show much better agreement between the assimilation cycles, at least on average, so if this mismatch is problematic for a particular application, our advice would be to use the forecast winds. The forecast near surface winds are available from MARS, see the above section, Data organisation and how to download ERA5.
- ERA5: large 10m winds: up to a few times per year, the analysed low level winds, eg 10m winds, become very large in a particular location, which varies amongst a few apparently preferred locations. The largest values seen so far are about 300 ms-1.
- ERA5 rain bombs: from time to time, the rainfall (precipitation) can become extremely large in small areas.
- Large values of CAPE: occasionally, the Convective available potential energy in ERA5 is unrealistically large.
- Ship tracks in the SST: prior to September 2007, in the period when HadISST2 was used, ship tracks can be visible in the SST.
- Prior to 2014, the SST was not used over the Great Lakes to nudge the lake model. Consequently, the 2 metre temperature has an annual cycle that is too strong, with temperatures being too cold in winter and too warm in summer.
- Wind values are far too low on pressure levels at the poles in the Climate Data Store (CDS)
- The Potential Evaporation field (pev, parameter Id 228251) is largely underestimated over deserts and high-forested areas. This is due to a bug in the code that does not allow transpiration to occur in the situation where there is no low vegetation.
- Wave parameters (Table 7 above) for the three swell partitions: these parameters have been calculated incorrectly. The problem is most evident in the swell partition parameters involving the mean wave period: Mean wave period of first swell partition, Mean wave period of second swell partition and Mean wave period of third swell partition, where the periods are far too long.
- ERA5 surface photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) is too low, so surface Surface photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) is too low in the version (CY41R2) of the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) used to produce ERA5, so PAR and clear sky surface PAR have not been published in ERA5. ERA5 is produced by the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS), which we suspect has There is a bug in the calculation of surface PAR in that it looks like it is , with it being taken from the wrong parts of the spectrum. We have The shortwave bands that include 0.442-0.625 micron, 0.625-0.778 micron and 0.778-1.24 micron. PAR is coded as if it was intending to sum all should be coded to be the sum of the radiation in the first of these bands and 0.42 of the second (to account for the fact that PAR is normally defined to stop at 0.7 microns). However, in CY41R2, PAR is in fact calculated from the sum of the second band plus 0.42 of the third. We will try to fix this in a future cycle, but it is not possible to correct previously released data.
Expand title The instantaneous turbulent surface stress components (eastward and northward) and friction velocity tend to be too small ERA5 has output analysis values for the instantaneous surface stress components and friction velocity.
There is however an issue with those analysis values over the oceans.
The analysis for those type of surface parameters is obtained by running the surface module to connect the surface with the model level analysed variables.
However, at that stage, the surface aero-dynamical roughness length scale (z0) over the oceans is not initialised from its actual value but a constant value of 0.0001 is used instead.
This initial value of z0 is needed to determine the initial value of u* and the surface stress based on solving for a simple logarithmic wind profile between the surface and the lowest model wind. This initial u* is in turn used to determine the value of the exchange coefficients needed to determine the output 10m winds (normal and neutral) and u* (see (3.91) to (3.94) with (3.26) in the IFS documentation). The surface stress is output as initialised.
This initial value for z0 is generally too low ( by one order of magnitude or more):
Over the oceans, for winds above few m/s, z0 is modelled using the Charnock relation:
z0 ~ (alpha/g) u*^2
where alpha is the Charnock parameter, g is gravity, and u* is the friction velocity
with typical values of
alpha ~ 0.018
g=9.81
u*^2 = Cd U10^2
where Cd is the drag coefficient
Cd ~ 0.008 + 0.0008 U10
for U10=10m/s => z0 ~ 0.003
As a consequence, the instantaneous surface stress components and friction velocity will tend to be too low
For forecast data, the same problem affects step 0, however, it will not affect the accumulated surface stress parameters (recall the accumulated parameters are produced by running short range forecasts),
because, the accumulation starts from the first time step (i.e. at time step 0 all accumulated variables are initialised to 0.).
Note that this problem can easily be fixed, by using the initial value of Charnock that is available at initial time.
Expand title ERA5 forecast parameters are missing on 1st January 1979 from 00 UTC to 06 UTC ERA5 forecast parameters are missing for the validity times of 1st January 1979 from 00 UTC to 06 UTC. This problem has occurred because the forecast producing these data started from 18 UTC on the last day of 1978. This gap can be filled by using forecast data from the ERA5 back extension (preliminary version), with date=19781231, time=18 and step=6/to/12:
Code Block language py title Request for total precipitation forecast hourly data for 1st January 00UTC-06UTC #!/usr/bin/env python3 import cdsapi c = cdsapi.Client() c.retrieve('reanalysis-era5-complete-preliminary-back-extension', { 'date': '1978-12-31', 'levtype': 'sfc', 'param': '228.128', 'time':'18:00:00', 'step':'6/7/8/9/10/11/12', 'stream': 'oper', 'type': 'fc', 'grid': '.0.25/0.25', 'format': 'netcdf', }, 'era5.preliminary-back-extension-temperature-tp.nc')
Eventually, the data gap will be filled by the re-run of the ERA5 back extension.
Expand title Altimeter wave parameters 'era5.preliminary-back-extension-temperature-tp.nc')
Eventually, the data gap will be filled by the re-run of the ERA5 back extension.
The following wave parameters are sparse observations, or quantities derived from the observations, that have been interpolated to the wave model grid and contain many missing values:
- altimeter_corrected_wave_height
- altimeter_range_relative_correction
- altimeter_wave_height
These parameters are not available from the CDS disks but can be retrieved from MARS using the CDS API. For further guidelines, please see: Altimeter wave height in the Climate Data Store (CDS)
- ERA5 back extension 1950-1978 (Preliminary version): tropical cyclones are too intense
- ERA5 back extension 1950-1978 (Preliminary version): large bias in surface analysis over Australia prior to 1970
- ERA5 back extension 1950-1978 (Preliminary version): the deep soil moisture tends to be too dry
...
- Wrong values of U/V on pressure levels in the Climate Data Store (CDS)
ERA5.1 is a re-run of ERA5, for the years 2000 to 2006 only, and was produced to improve upon the cold bias in the lower stratosphere seen in ERA5.
Expand title More information and details for downloading ERA5.1 ERA5.1 is a re-run of ERA5 for the years 2000 to 2006 only. ERA5.1 was produced to improve upon the cold bias in the lower stratosphere exhibited by ERA5 during this period. Moreover, ERA5.1 analyses have a better representation of the following features:
- upper stratospheric temperature
- stratospheric humidity
The lower and middle troposphere in ERA5.1 are similar to those in ERA5, as is the synoptic evolution in the extratropical stratosphere.
For access to ERA5.1 data read Data organisation and how to download ERA5. The dataset is 'reanalysis-era5.1-complete' in the CDS API.
ERA5.1 CDS: If you retrieved ERA5.1 from using the CDS API anytime before 20/05/2020 08:00 UTC, for any stream other than oper (i.e. streams: wave, enda, edmo, ewmo, edmm, ewmm, ewda, moda, wamd, mnth, wamo), you will need to request the data again. Prior to this date, stream oper would be delivered regardless of which stream was requested.
- ERA5 CDS: Data corruption
User support
There is a range of user support available for ERA5, including a Knowledge Base (where this article resides), a Forum and a ticketed system for questions - for more information see the C3S Help and Support Page.
How to acknowledge and cite ERA5
- If you have downloaded ERA5 data interactively from the Climate Data Store website or programmatically using the CDS API service (except
'reanalysis-era5-complete'
or'reanalysis-era5.
1
-complete' or '
), then please proceed as follows:reanalysis-era5-complete-preliminary-back-extension'
...
.
How to acknowledge, cite and refer to ERA5
For ERA5 data on the "CDS disks"
All users of data in the Climate Data Store (CDS) must provide clear and visible attribution to the Copernicus programme and are asked to cite and reference the dataset provider:
- Acknowledge according to the licence to use Copernicus Products.
...
- Cite each dataset used as indicated on the relevant CDS entries (see link to "Citation" under References on the Overview page of the dataset entry) .
- Throughout the content of your publication, the dataset used is referred to as Author (YYYY)
For complete details, please refer to How to acknowledge, cite and reference data published on the Climate Data Store.
For ERA5 data in MARS,
If you have downloaded ERA5 data
...
in MARS, using either the CDS API ('reanalysis-era5-complete'
or 'reanalysis-era5.
1
-complete' or '
) or via authorised direct access to MARS, reanalysis-era5-complete-preliminary-back-extension'
...
please contact the C3S Helpdesk at ECMWF
...
Please refer to How to acknowledge, cite and reference data published on the Climate Data Store for complete details.
References
...