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Representation of geographical features
Describing the earth's surface in the model is important as it enables a good representation of the energy exchanges appropriate to the geographical location. The energy fluxes themselves are modelled by HTESSEL, by FLake, and by using the NEMO model. The extent of land or sea governs which energy exchange algorithms should be used at each location, or what proportion of each is appropriate in coastal areas.
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Modelling the surface orography and coasts at an appropriate resolution is crucial. In practice the data is taken from internationally available datasets at 1km resolution and interpolated to the resolution of the Ensemble Control Forecast (ex-HRES), sub-seasonal range ENS, and seasonal models. However, always at some level there will be smoothing that misses important detail. This is why the datasets are also used to derive statistical parameters such as standard deviations of the mean height, slopes and direction of unresolved orography at a given resolution, and these feed into the model via the subgrid-scale parametrisations.
(FUG Associated with Cy49r1)
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