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Modelling the surface orography and coasts at an appropriate resolution is crucial.  In practice the data is taken from internationally available datasets at 1km resolution and interpolated to the resolution of the Ensemble Control Forecast (ex-HRES),  medium range. sub-seasonal range ENS, and seasonal models.  However, always at some level there will be smoothing that misses important detail.  This is why the datasets are also used to derive statistical parameters such as standard deviations of the mean height, slopes and direction of unresolved orography at a given resolution, and these feed into the model via the subgrid-scale parametrisations.

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