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    • No new atmospheric composition observations compared to Cycle 45r1.

Model

    • Vertical resolution increased from 60 levels to 137 levels, matching that used at ECMWF for NWP.
    • New CAMS_GLOB emission inventories used in place of MACCityUpdated to use new CAMS_GLOB emissions inventory.
    • Biomass-burning emissions update to use the injection heights from GFAS, and the same updated diurnal cycle assumed in GFAS. In particular, this reduces the overestimation of near-surface PM2.5 during fire events.
    • Anthropogenic SOA production updated with a diurnal cycle and regionally-varying ratio to CO emissions. This has as small impact on AOD, but significantly reduces night-time overestimation of near-surface PM2PM2.5 in polluted regions.
    • New online dust emission scheme (Nabat et al., 2012). This increases total dust emissions and shifts them towards larger particle sizes, in line with recent literature. An updated dust source function improves the selection of source regions, reducing "gaps" in dust emissions.
    • Sea-salt production over freshwater lakes eliminated. This corrects an issue that was particularly noticeable over the Great Lakes.
    • New nitrate and ammonium aerosol species, coupled to the gas-phase nitrogen chemistry. See new model parameters below. This is a major expansion of the aerosol species represented in the model, giving a more complete representation of the species which contribute to e.g. PM2PM2.5 over Europe.

    • Sulfur species (SO2 SO2 and SO4SO4) coupled between chemistry and aerosol schemes. See discontinued parameters below. This brings a greater consistency between the chemistry and aerosol products related to the sulfur cycle.

    • Online calculation of dry deposition velocities for trace gases. This was already in place for aerosols in 45r1, and allows the deposition scheme to better account for variations in surface properties..
    • Updates to wet deposition parameterisations. This brings improvements in the distinction between scavenging by liquid and ice, and harmonises the treatment for aerosols and trace gases.
    • Updates to chemical reaction rates.

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