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- Vertical resolution increased from 60 levels to 137 levels, matching that used at ECMWF for NWP. This includes moving the model top from 0.1 hPa to 0.01 hPa.
- New nitrate and ammonium aerosol species, coupled to the gas-phase nitrogen chemistry. See new model parameters below. This is a major expansion of the aerosol species represented in the model, giving a more complete representation of the species which contribute to e.g. PM2.5 over Europe.
Sulfur species (SO2 and SO4) coupled between chemistry and aerosol schemes. See discontinued parameters below. This brings a greater consistency between the chemistry and aerosol products related to the sulfur cycle.
- Online calculation of dry deposition velocities for trace gases. This was already in place for aerosols in 45r1, and allows the deposition scheme to better account for variations in surface properties..
- Updates to wet deposition parameterisations. This brings improvements in the distinction between scavenging by liquid and ice, and harmonises the treatment for aerosols and trace gases.
- Updates to chemical reaction rates following latest recommendations by JPL/IUPAC.
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