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Data assimilation method for control analysis: Nudging from 4dVar reanalysis
Resolution of model used to generate Control Analysis: T47
Ensemble initial perturbation strategy: Coupled bred vectors
Horizontal and vertical resolution of perturbations: T47
Perturbations in +/- pairs: no
Initialization of land surface:
1. What is the land surface model (LSM) and version used in the forecast model, and what are the current/relevant references for the model? Hydrology (soil moisture) is a bucket following Manabe and Holloway 1975. The land model has 3 soil levels for temperature.
Are there any significant changes/deviations in the operational version of the LSM from the documentation of the LSM? No
2. How is soil moisture initialized in the forecasts? realistic
If “realistic”, does the soil moisture come from an analysis using the same LSM as is coupled to the GCM for forecasts, or another source? Please describe the process of soil moisture initialization. The land surface (temperature and moisture) is initialized by nudging the atmospheric model to the ERA-40 reanalyses beginning in 1980. The process is described in Hudson et al. (2011). In essence, the land surface is initialized by responding to observed surface fluxes.
Is there horizontal and/or vertical interpolation of initialization data onto the forecast model grid? If so, please give original data resolution(s). N/A
Does the LSM differentiate between liquid and ice content of the soil? If so, how are each initialized? No
If all model soil layers are not initialized in the same way or from the same source, please describe.
3. How is snow initialized in the forecasts? realistic
If “realistic”, does the snow come from an analysis using the same LSM as is coupled to the GCM for forecasts, or another source? Please describe the process of soil moisture initialization. Snow is accumulated appropriately if the atmospheric model in the spin up run (nudged to ERA-40) makes snow and temperatures are below freezing.
Is there horizontal and/or vertical interpolation of data onto the forecast model grid? If so, please give original data resolution(s)
Are snow mass, snow depth or both initialized? What about snow age, albedo, or other snow properties? Snow mass is initialized by above process. Albedo is prescribed.
4. How is soil temperature initialized in the forecasts (see above)
Is the soil temperature initialized consistently with soil moisture (frozen soil water where soil temperature ≤0°C) and snow cover (top layer soil temperature ≤0°C under snow)? yes
• Is there horizontal and/or vertical interpolation of data onto the forecast model grid? If so, please give original data resolution(s)
If all model soil layers are not initialized in the same way or from the same source, please describe.
5. How are time-varying vegetation properties represented in the LSM? N/A
6. What is the source of soil properties (texture, porosity, conductivity, etc.) used by the LSM? N/A
7. If the initialization of the LSM for re-forecasts deviates from the procedure for forecasts, please describe the differences. The only difference is that in realtime, the atmospheric model is nudged to the BoM NWP analyses rather than ERA-40.
4. Model Uncertainties perturbations:
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