Contributors: A. Troccoli (WEMC), L. Sanger (WEMC), C. Goodess (WEMC), J. Ogonji (WEMC), L. Dubus (WEMC), R. Vautard F Pons (CEA), X. Jin (CEA), G. Levavasseur (CEA), R. Legrand (MF), L. Grigis (MF), S. Martinoni-Lapierre (MF), C. Viel (MF), S. Parey (EDF), B. Oueslati (EDF), Y-M. Saint-Drenan (ASSOCIATION POUR LA RECHERCHE ET LE DEVELOPPEMENT DES METHODES ET PROCESSUS INDUSTRIELS, ARMINES, FRANCE), J. Mendes (MO), J. Osborne (MO), G.Guentchev (MO)
General
Description
Hydropower generation is split in 2 components:
- Hydropower Run-of-River (HRO): generation from run-of-river units
- Hydropower Reservoir (HRE): generation from units with reservoirs
HRO and HRE generation are not available in all EU countries. A selection was made amongst the countries with a significant installed hydropower capacity either from run-of-river and/or reservoirs. Individual models were built for these countries, using Random Forest Models (RF), and ERA5 data as climate inputs, as NUTS0 averages. The models are built using data from the ENSTO-E Transparency Platform, over the period 2015–2019.
HRO and HRE are available for three streams:
Historical: This dataset uses climate predictors from the ERA5 reanalysis and retrieved from the CDS and averaged at NUTS0 (country). No bias adjustment has been applied. |
Seasonal Forecasts: This dataset uses climate predictors from ECMWF System 5, Météo-France ARPEGE System 7 and Met Office GloSEA5 System 14. Seasonal Forecasts are retrieved from the CDS and are subsequently bias adjusted via quantile mapping. The forecast datasets are updated |
Projection: This dataset uses climate predictors 11 regional climate model (RCM)/global climate model (GCM) combinations for the EURO-CORDEX project (Table 1) and for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), with RCP2.6 also added for two of the RCM/GCM combinations. Historical forcing is used from 1979-2005, and RCP forcing from 2006-2100. The original EURO-CORDEX simulations are retrieved from the producers (some were already available on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) portal) and are subsequently bias adjusted by applying the Cumulative Distribution Function transform (CDFt) method. The gridded 0.25° |
Units
HRE and HRO are provided in daily energy units (MWh), labelled as NRG in the output files. They are also provided as daily mean generated power (units=MW), labelled as PWR in the output files. Daily mean power = daily energy / 24 (hours). Capacity factor (unitless) the ratio between daily mean power and installed capacity, will also be provided, labelled as CFR in the output files.
Links
Data will eventually be available via the C3S Energy/CDS demonstrator.
Data format
NUTS0 are available as CSV files.
Keywords
Hydropower Run-of-River (HRO) and Hydropower Reservoir (HRE)
Hydropower, Run-of-River, Reservoirs, Capacity Factor, Power, Energy, ENTSO-E, Random Forests.
Contact
Dataset coverage
Geographic area
European countries within the C3S Energy domain is: 26.5° N to 72.5° N by 22.0° W to 45.5° E. for which HRO and HRE generation data are available (see Table 2).
Table 1: Hydropower data availability.
Country | Country Code | HRO | HRE |
Austria | AT | P | P |
Switzerland | CH | P | P |
Germany | DE | P | P |
Spain | ES | P | P |
Finland | FI | P | N/A |
France | FR | P | P |
Italy | IT | P | P |
Norway | NO | P | P |
Portugal | PT | P | P |
Romania | RO | P | P |
Sweden | SE | N/A | P |
Slovakia | SK | P | P |
Temporal resolution
Daily, monthly, seasonal (DJF, MAM, JJA, SON) and annual mean power (PWR, in MW) and cumulated energy consumption (NRG, in MWh).
Time period
Historical: 1979 to present (ca. 1 month behind real time); updated every month based on ERA5T data availability. | |||
Seasonal Forecasts: The hindcasts cover the 1993-2016 period for the three models used by C3S Energy: ECMWF Sys5, Météo-France Sys7 and UK MetOffice Sys14. ECMWF has all the month, MTFR SY07 currently covers October to April with the rest of the months to be completed by mid- May 2020 as this is a new system. METO SY14 ranges from June to April (notice that METO SY14 is a rolling release model, hindcast have to be computed each months). The forecasts have been computed every month from the first month of availability in the current version on the CDS: | |||
Forecast availability | |||
ECMWF Sys5 | From January 2017 | ||
MTFR Sys7 | From October 2019 | ||
METO Sys14 | From June 2019 | ||
Projections: 1971-2100 | |||
Spatial resolution
Historical: data available as averages for countries in Table 2.
Usage
Citation(s)
Ho LT, Dubus L, De Felice M and Troccoli A (2020) Reconstruction of Multidecadal Country-Aggregated Hydro Power Generation in Europe based on a Random Forest Model. Energies, 13, 1786.
Lineage statement
Original data source
Historical: i. ERA5 for climate indicators ii. ENTSO-E Transparency Platform for energy data Products: i. Actual Generation Per Production Type (Aggregated Generation per Type [16.1.B&C]) ii. Installed Capacity per Production type (Installed Generation Capacity Aggregated [14.1.A] |
Seasonal Forecasts: i. ECMWF seasonal forecast system 5 technical description ii. Météo-France seasonal forecast system 7 technical description iii. Met Office |
Projections: EURO-CORDEX: https://www.euro-cordex.net/; Climate indicators (precipitation and air temperature) available via the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) portal. |
Tools used in the production of indicators
R Studio Version 1.1.463 – © 2009-2018 RStudio, Inc. R version 3.5.1 (2018-07-02)
R packages (latest versions): chron, corrr, easyNCDF, fields, lubridate, maptools, ncdf4, raster, readxl, rgdal, rgeos, seas, sf, shapefiles, sp, tidyverse, zoo, reshape2, gridExtra, DALEX, forecast, Cowplot, pdp
NCO netCDF Operators version 4.7.5: ncks
Data Quality
The HRE and HRO data reconstruction quality has been assessed for each individual country over the historical period, using ENTSO-E and some other Transmission System Operators data.
Table 2: List of the 11 EURO-CORDEX simulations and the institutes that provided the data.
Short name | Driving GCM | RCM | Contact Institute | Period |
HIIC | ECEARTH | HIRAM | Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) | 1951 - 2100 |
RAIC | ECEARTH | RACMO | Royal Netherlands National Meteorological Institute (KNMI) | 1950 - 2100 |
RCIC | ECEARTH | RCA | Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) | 1970 - 2100 |
RAMO | HADGEM | RACMO | KNMI | 1951 - 2098 |
RCMO | HADGEM | RCA | SMHI | 1970 - 2098 |
ReMO | HADGEM | REGCM | International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) | 1971 - 2099 |
WRIP | IPSL | WRF 381P | Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) | 1951 - 2100 |
RCMP | MPI | RCA | SMHI | 1970 - 2100 |
CCMP | MPI | CCLM | Climate Limited-area Modelling Community | 1950 - 2100 |
HINC | NORESM | HIRAM | Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) | 1951 - 2100 |
