Historical: This dataset (both WS10 and WS100) is based on the ERA5 reanalysis and retrieved from the CDS. No bias adjustment has been applied. Averages for NUTS0 (country) and NUTS2 (sub-
country) areas have been computed.

Seasonal Forecasts: This dataset is currently available for ECMWF System 5, Météo-France ARPEGE System 7 and MetOffice GloSEA5 System 14. Seasonal Forecasts are retrieved from the CDS and are subsequently bias adjusted via quantile mapping. The forecast datasets are updated monthly when the raw forecast of each system is available. Averages for NUTS0 (country) are also provided.

Projections: This dataset is available for 11 regional climate model (RCM)/global climate model (GCM) combinations for the EURO-CORDEX project (Table 1, Appendix) and for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), with RCP2.6 also added for two of the RCM/GCM combinations. Historical forcing is used from 1979-2005, and RCP forcing from 2006-2100. The original EURO-CORDEX simulations are retrieved from the producers (some were already available on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) portal) and are subsequently bias adjusted by applying the Cumulative Distribution Function transform (CDFt) method. Further processing involved interpolation to a standard 0.25° latitude/longitude grid, and calculation of country, regional and
offshore averages. WS100 is derived from WS10 via a power law relationship.

Historical: data on a standard 0.25° latitude/longitude grid for the C3S Energy domain, as well as NUTS0 and NUTS2 averages, will eventually be available via the C3S Energy/CDS demonstrator.

Seasonal Forecasts: the bias adjusted hindcast and forecast data will eventually be available via the C3S Energy/CDS demonstrator.

Projections: Bias-adjusted climate projection data on a standard 0.25° latitude/longitude grid are currently available from the ESGF portal (select CORDEX-adjust as the Project, bias-adjusted-output as the Product, EUR-25 as the domain). They will eventually be available via the C3S Energy/CDS demonstrator.

Historical: Gridded historical data are available as NetCDF files. NUTS0 and NUTS2 are available as CSV files.

Seasonal Forecasts: Gridded seasonal forecast data are available as NetCDF files. NUTS0 are available as CSV files.

Projections: Gridded projection data are available as NetCDF files. NUTS0 and NUTS2 are available as CSV files.

copernicus-support@ecmwf.int

Historical: 1-hour time step. Averages for daily, monthly, seasonal (DJF, MAM, JJA, SON) and annual are also computed for NUTS0 and NUTS2 mean values.

Seasonal Forecasts: 6-hour time step. Averages for daily, monthly, seasonal (DJF, MAM, JJA, SON) and annual are also computed for NUTS0 mean values.

Projections: 3-hour time step as time averaged value. Daily NUTS0, NUTS2, MAR0 and MAR1 averages are also computed

Historical: 0.25° by 0.25° latitude/longitude. Data are also available as averages for more than 30 European countries and ca. 100 NUTS2 areas.

Seasonal Forecasts: 1° by 1° latitude/longitude and at country (NUTS0) scale. The underlying forecast systems run at different resolutions. Data are also available as averages for more than 30 European countries as NUTS0 areas.

Historical: ERA5

Seasonal Forecasts:

1. ECMWF seasonal forecast system 5 technical description:
2. Météo-France seasonal forecast system 7 technical description:
3. Met Office technical description

Projections: original data come from CORDEX (simulations available via the ESGF portal

Historical: original gridded data for both WS10 and WS100 come from the ERA5 Reanalysis

Seasonal Forecasts:: original data for WS10 are available from the C3S Climate Data Store. See here for further details of the seasonal forecast models used.

Projections: original data (WS10) come from CORDEX simulations available via the ESGF portal.

Historical: data were retrieved and post-processed using python scripts.

Seasonal Forecasts: data were processed using standard open source python libraries, including numpy, scipy, matplotlib, and the SciTools packages iris and cartopy.

Projections: data were processed using standard open source programmes, including Fortran, R and CDO.

Historical: ERA5 data have been compared to previously used ERA-Interim for consistency.

Seasonal Forecasts: forecast skill, such as measured by anomaly correlation, is performed and will be provided via the C3S Energy demonstrator. Maps representing the bias for different time-periods for each system are also provided, as well as graphs comparing hindcast dataset before and after
bias-correction.

Projections: a "health check" procedure was applied on bias adjusted data to verify:

• that the bias adjusted projections had similar seasonal means over the reference periods; by mapping the absolute differences, it was found that they are an order of magnitude
  smaller than the variables variations;
•  that the changes between end of current and past centuries were similar with or without bias adjustment. We found that while the general patterns were quite similar, changes amplitudes can be modified by the CDFt method. 

Short name

Driving GCM

RCM

Contact Institute

Period

HIIC

ECEARTH

HIRAM

Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI)

1951 - 2100

RAIC

ECEARTH

RACMO

Royal Netherlands National Meteorological Institute (KNMI)

1950 - 2100

RCIC

ECEARTH

RCA

Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI)

1970 - 2100

RAMO

HADGEM

RACMO

KNMI

1951 - 2098

RCMO

HADGEM

RCA

SMHI

1970 - 2098

ReMO

HADGEM

REGCM

International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)

1971 - 2099

WRIP

IPSL

WRF 381P

Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL)

1951 - 2100

RCMP

MPI

RCA

SMHI

1970 - 2100

CCMP

MPI

CCLM

Climate Limited-area Modelling Community

1950 - 2100

HINC

NORESM

HIRAM

Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI)

1951 - 2100

ALCN

CNRM

ALADIN63

CNRM (Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques, Toulouse 31057, France)

1952 - 2100