How to download ERA5

Last modified on Oct 18, 2024 09:28

1 - Introduction

This article describes how users can access the family of ERA5 datasets via the Climate Data Store (CDS) infrastructure.

ERA5 data can be downloaded through the CDS either via the CDS web interface or programmatically using the CDS API service.

Any data in the CDS catalogue can be accessed in these two ways. And since such data is kept online, access is usually fast. Some parts of the ERA5 dataset are only accessible through the CDS API service. An example is ERA5 model level data that resides in the ECMWF's MARS tape archive. The extraction of such data from tape can lead to significantly longer retrieval times than data that is available online.

2 - Prerequisites

• Learn more about the family of ERA5 datasets, and browse through the ERA5 data documentation and ERA5-Land data documentation.
• CDS account - If you do not yet have a CDS account, please create one HERE.
• Accept the Copernicus licence by creating a test download using the CDS Download web form interface (see below).

3 - Downloading online ERA5 family data through the CDS web interface

1. Go to the C3S climate data store (CDS).
2. Type  'ERA5' in the search box.
3. Follow the ERA5 dataset title link of interest (there will be many more hits).

4. Currently there are six online ERA5 and three ERA5-Land catalogue entries. There is an additional catalogue entry for Complete ERA5 global atmospheric reanalysis (reanalysis-era5-complete) but this data cannot be downloaded from the CDS web interface (see section 4 below). 

   Show ERA5 catalogue entries in the CDS

   • ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present

   • ERA5 post-processed daily statistics on single levels from 1940 to present

   • ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present
   • ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present

   • ERA5 post-processed daily statistics on pressure levels from 1940 to present

   • ERA5 monthly averaged data on pressure levels from 1940 to present
   • ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present
   • ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to present

   • ERA5-Land post-processed daily statistics from 1950 to present

5. Each of these dataset catalogue entries includes the following tabs:
   • Overview . This gives a description of the selected dataset and metadata information (e.g. spatial details, file format, variables, etc).
   • Documentation . This provides links to detailed documentation about the dataset.
     
   • Download data . This is a download web form.
6. Go to the Download data tab to make your selection for ERA5 data retrieval. Using this web interface, you can:
   • make selections as per your requirements. For your convenience only valid combinations will show; invalid combinations are greyed out interactively.

   • accept the data licence in the Terms of use section (in case you had not yet accepted it). You will only see this section after you have logged in.

     You will need to do this regardless whether you are accessing data through the web interface or through the CDS API (see below).

7. Click on the button Submit Form at the bottom right to submit your data request (you must be logged in and have accepted the terms and conditions before submitting your request).

8. You will now be redirected to the Your requests page.

Once your request has been processed you can download the data by clicking the green Download button. You can check the Live status of your request .

4 - Download ERA5 family data through the CDS API

First: Install CDS API on your machine

1. This is Python based.
   • This may require some basic knowledge of Python. However, in most cases common-sense adaptions of example requests obtained from the web interface should be sufficient.
2. Install the CDS API:
   • this may require some basic knowledge of pip, in particular know how to install packages on your local machine using pip.
   • On linux or on cygwin, please follow the instructions HERE.
   • Windows users may follow the instructions HERE instead.
   • Mac users may follow the instructions HERE.
3. You are recommended to use the latest release of package CDS API.
4. Run CDS API requests, either interactively or in batch mode.

Option A: Download ERA5 family data stored on CDS disks - FAST ACCESS

1. Build a basic CDS API request.

   • You can use the CDS web interface to help you build your CDS API download script.

   • In the Download data  tab, make some selections, then click the button Show API request code  at the bottom left and you will be presented with the script.

   • Copy and paste this to your preferred text editor.

     Basic CDS API script example (for ERA5 1940-present) to download geopotential at a given pressure level, 1000 hPa is shown HERE.

     import cdsapi
     
     client = cdsapi.Client()
       
     dataset = 'reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels'
     request = {
          'product_type': ['reanalysis'],
          'variable': ['geopotential'],
          'year': ['2024'],
          'month': ['03'],
          'day': ['01'],
          'time': ['13:00'],
          'pressure_level': ['1000'],
          'data_format': 'grib',     # Supported format: grib and netcdf. Default: grib 
     }
     target = 'download.grib'        # Output file. Adapt as you wish.
     client.retrieve(dataset, request, target)
     

2. Refine your CDS API script for ERA5 data listed in CDS for optional post-processing.
   
   • For a different grid resolution, use the key 'grid'.
   • Please note that the ERA5 native grid of online CDS is 0.25°x0.25° (atmosphere), 0.5°x0.5° (ocean waves), mean, spread and members: 0.5°x0.5° (atmosphere), 1°x1° (ocean waves). ERA5-Land: 0.1°x0.1°. So this will be returned by default.
   • Click here for a sample script (for ERA5 1940-present) that downloads temperature at a given pressure level at 1000 hPa for a geographical subset of the data and specified grid

     import cdsapi
     
     client = cdsapi.Client()
       
     dataset = 'reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels'
     request = {
          'product_type': ['reanalysis'],
          'variable': ['geopotential'],
          'year': ['2024'],
          'month': ['03'],
          'day': ['01'],
          'time': ['13:00'],
          'pressure_level': ['1000'],
          'data_format': 'grib',      # Supported format: grib and netcdf. Default: grib
          'area': [60, -10, 50, 2],   # North, West, South, East.          Default: global
          'grid': [1.0, 1.0],         # Latitude/longitude grid.           Default: 0.25 x 0.25 
     }
     target = 'download.grib'        # Output file. Adapt as you wish.
     client.retrieve(dataset, request, target)

To retrieve data efficiently using the CDS API please have a look at the efficiency tips section on CDS documentation.

Option B: Download ERA5 family data stored on MARS tape archive (no data selection can be made from the CDS download form) - SLOW ACCESS

Although some flavours of the ERA5 family data is not online in the CDS (i.e. not available through the interactive web download form), it is accessible through CDS API. This embraces ERA5-complete and ERA5.1-complete, which provide data in the 'raw' format as they were produced:

• native grid rather than regridded into regular lat-lon,
• model and potential temperature/vorticity levels, in addition to  pressure levels and  surface fields,
• full two-dimensional ocean-wave spectra in addition to integrated wave parameters,
• explicit distinction between analysis, short-forecast and other, more technical, products.

The ERA5-Land dataset at the native 9km octahedral grid is an exception and is not available via the CDS API protocol. However, all information is available online at the slightly reduced 0.1°x0.1° regular lat-lon grid (access via Option A, above).

Due to the vast volume of these datasets (currently about 10petabyte) these are not stored on spinning disk, but reside in the ECMWF's MARS tape archive, instead. Access to this data is in general much slower, except for the latest couple of months of ERA5-complete, which are also kept online.

You can discover the ERA5-complete structure (1940-present) and learn how to build a CDS API request by following these steps:

1. Open the MARS ERA5 catalogue

2. browse for discovery, and browse your way to the parameter level to build a request.

   • More information on the available streams, product types and levels is available in the ERA5 data documentation.
   • On the parameter level, use the left-mouse button and the shift key to select more than one field in one retrieval.
   • The MARS catalogue only shows data for the final quality controlled data that is made available 2-3 months in arrear. However, data is also available from preliminary timely updates up to 5 days behind real time, using the same retrieval structure.

   To retrieve MARS data efficiently (and get your data quicker!) you should retrieve all the data you need from one tape, then from the next tape, and so on.

   As a rule of thumb everything shown on one page at parameter level in the MARS ERA5 catalogue is grouped together on one tape

   • For analysis fields this is one month of data with respect to one particular level type (e.g. surface).
   • For forecast fields on model levels this is limited to one single day.

3. Use the " View MARS request " feature - this will help you build your own CDS API Python script to retrieve the data through the CDS API.

   Example: Download ERA5 model level analysis data (temperature) in the native spherical harmonics representation in GRIB format.

   #!/usr/bin/env python
   import cdsapi
   c = cdsapi.Client()
   c.retrieve('reanalysis-era5-complete', { # Requests follow MARS syntax
                                            # Keywords 'expver' and 'class' can be dropped. They are obsolete
                                            # since their values are imposed by 'reanalysis-era5-complete'
       'date'    : '2013-01-01',            # The hyphens can be omitted
       'levelist': '1/10/100/137',          # 1 is top level, 137 the lowest model level in ERA5. Use '/' to separate values.
       'levtype' : 'ml',
       'param'   : '130',                   # Full information at https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db/
                                            # The native representation for temperature is spherical harmonics
       'stream'  : 'oper',                  # Denotes ERA5. Ensemble members are selected by 'enda'
       'time'    : '00/to/23/by/6',         # You can drop :00:00 and use MARS short-hand notation, instead of '00/06/12/18'
       'type'    : 'an',
   }, 'output')                             # Output file; in this example containing fields in grib format. Adapt as you wish.
   

4. Tailor your request to
   1. re-grid to the desired regular lat-lon resolution
   2. convert to NetCDF (works for regular grids only, i.e., so you need to use the 'grid' keyword as well)

   3. select sub areas

      Example to download model level ERA5 analysis data (temperature) for a given area at a regular lat/lon grid in NetCDF format.

      #!/usr/bin/env python
      import cdsapi
      c = cdsapi.Client()
      c.retrieve('reanalysis-era5-complete', { # Requests follow MARS syntax
                                               # Keywords 'expver' and 'class' can be dropped. They are obsolete
                                               # since their values are imposed by 'reanalysis-era5-complete'
          'date'    : '2013-01-01',            # The hyphens can be omitted
          'levelist': '1/10/100/137',          # 1 is top level, 137 the lowest model level in ERA5. Use '/' to separate values.
          'levtype' : 'ml',
          'param'   : '130',                   # Full information at https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db/
                                               # The native representation for temperature is spherical harmonics
          'stream'  : 'oper',                  # Denotes ERA5. Ensemble members are selected by 'enda'
          'time'    : '00/to/23/by/6',         # You can drop :00:00 and use MARS short-hand notation, instead of '00/06/12/18'
          'type'    : 'an',
          'area'    : '80/-50/-25/0',          # North, West, South, East. Default: global
          'grid'    : '1.0/1.0',               # Latitude/longitude. Default: spherical harmonics or reduced Gaussian grid
          'format'  : 'netcdf',                # Output needs to be regular lat-lon, so only works in combination with 'grid'!
      }, 'ERA5-ml-temperature-subarea.nc')     # Output file. Adapt as you wish.
      

For ERA5.1-complete follow the same procedure as for era5-complete explained above, however:

1. edit the script to change:

   'reanalysis-era5-complete' to 'reanalysis-era5.1-complete'
   

data is only available for the years 2000-2006 inclusive - so make sure that your request dates are within this time period.

#!/usr/bin/env python
import cdsapi
c = cdsapi.Client()
c.retrieve('reanalysis-era5.1-complete', { # Please note the addition '.1' for ERA5.1!
                                           # Keywords 'expver' and 'class' can be dropped. They are obsolete
                                           # since their values are imposed by 'reanalysis-era5.1-complete'
    'date': '2005-01-01',                  # Valid range:  2000-01-01 to 2006-12-31. Always first of the month for monthly means
    'levelist': '50',                      # Pressure level at 50 hPa
    'levtype': 'pl',
    'param': '130.128',                    # Full information at https://apps.ecmwf.int/codes/grib/param-db/
    'stream': 'moda',                      # Monthly means (of Daily means).
    'type': 'an',
    'grid'    : '1.0/1.0',                 # Latitude/longitude grid resolution.
    'format'  : 'netcdf',                  # Output needs to be regular lat-lon, so only works in combination with 'grid'!
}, 'era5.1-temperature-monthly-mean.nc')

Related articles

• Page:
  ERA5: data documentation
• Page:
  Essential Climate Variables for assessment of climate variability from 1979 to present: Product user guide
• Page:
  How to migrate to CDS API on the Atmosphere Data Store (ADS)
• Page:
  Common Error Messages for CDS Requests
• Page:
  Climate Data Store (CDS) documentation