Description
This example shows: How to read and print radiosonde data from TEMP BUFR messages. If available this version also lists the position information from the WMO list (now OSCAR/Surface) appended to the reports by ECMWF
Source code
bufr_read_tempf.f90
! (C) Copyright 2005- ECMWF. ! ! This software is licensed under the terms of the Apache Licence Version 2.0 ! which can be obtained at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0. ! ! In applying this licence, ECMWF does not waive the privileges and immunities granted to it by ! virtue of its status as an intergovernmental organisation nor does it submit to any jurisdiction. ! ! ! Description: read and print radiosonde data from TEMP BUFR messages. ! If available this version also lists the position information from the WMO list ! (now OSCAR/Surface) appended to the reports by ECMWF ! ! Author: Bruce Ingleby ! ! Please note that TEMP reports can be encoded in various ways in BUFR. Therefore the code ! below might not work directly for other types of TEMP messages than the one used in the ! example. It is advised to use bufr_dump first to understand the structure of these messages. ! program bufr_read_tempf use eccodes implicit none integer :: ifile integer :: iret integer :: ibufr integer :: i, count = 0 integer :: iflag integer :: status_id, status_bl, status_num, status_ht, status_time = 0, status_p integer :: status_airt, status_dewt, status_wdir, status_wsp integer :: status_rsno, status_rssoft, status_balloonwt, statid_missing integer(kind=4) :: sizews integer(kind=4) :: blockNumber, stationNumber integer(kind=4) :: ymd, hms logical :: llstdonly = .True. ! Set True to list standard levels only logical :: llskip real(kind=8) :: year, month, day, hour, minute, second real(kind=8) :: htg, htp, htec = 0, sondeType, balloonwt ! real(kind=8), dimension(:), allocatable :: descriptors real(kind=8), dimension(:), allocatable :: lat, lon real(kind=8), dimension(:), allocatable :: timeVal, dlatVal, dlonVal, vssVal real(kind=8), dimension(:), allocatable :: presVal, zVal, tVal, tdVal, wdirVal, wspVal character(len=128) :: statid, dropid character(len=16) :: rsnumber character(len=16) :: rssoftware call codes_open_file(ifile, '../../data/bufr/PraticaTemp.bufr', 'r') ! the first BUFR message is loaded from file ! ibufr is the BUFR id to be used in subsequent calls call codes_bufr_new_from_file(ifile, ibufr, iret) ! loop through all messages in the file do while (iret /= CODES_END_OF_FILE) ! Can check the template used ! call codes_get(ibufr,'unexpandedDescriptors',descriptors) ! write(0,*) 'Template: ', descriptors ! IF (descriptors(1) /= 309056.0) GOTO 999 ! only list descent profiles ! we need to instruct ecCodes to expand all the descriptors ! i.e. unpack the data values call codes_set(ibufr, "unpack", 1); ! In our BUFR message verticalSoundingSignificance is always followed by ! geopotential, airTemperature, dewpointTemperature, ! windDirection, windSpeed and pressure. count = count + 1 llskip = .False. ! Metadata: call codes_get(ibufr, 'aircraftRegistrationNumberOrOtherIdentification', dropid, status_id) IF (status_id /= CODES_SUCCESS) dropid = "UNKNOWN " call codes_get(ibufr, 'shipOrMobileLandStationIdentifier', statid, status_id) IF (status_id /= CODES_SUCCESS) statid = dropid ! call codes_is_missing(ibufr, 'shipOrMobileLandStationIdentifier', statid_missing) ! IF (statid_missing == 1) statid = "MISSING" blockNumber = 9999 call codes_get(ibufr, 'blockNumber', blockNumber, status_bl) call codes_get(ibufr, 'stationNumber', stationNumber, status_num) IF (blockNumber <= 99 .AND. stationNumber <= 1000) write (statid, '(I2.2,I3.3,3X)') blockNumber, stationNumber call codes_get(ibufr, 'year', year) call codes_get(ibufr, 'month', month) call codes_get(ibufr, 'day', day) call codes_get(ibufr, 'hour', hour) call codes_get(ibufr, 'minute', minute) call codes_get(ibufr, 'second', second, status_time) IF (status_time /= CODES_SUCCESS) second = 0.0 call codes_get(ibufr, 'latitude', lat) call codes_get(ibufr, 'longitude', lon) call codes_get(ibufr, 'heightOfStationGroundAboveMeanSeaLevel', htg, status_ht) IF (status_ht /= CODES_SUCCESS) htg = -999.0 call codes_get(ibufr, 'heightOfBarometerAboveMeanSeaLevel', htp, status_ht) IF (status_ht /= CODES_SUCCESS) htp = -999.0 call codes_get(ibufr, 'radiosondeType', sondeType) call codes_get(ibufr, 'heightOfStation', htec, status_ht) ! Height from WMO list (BUFR) IF (status_ht == CODES_SUCCESS .AND. htg == -999.0) htg = htec ymd = INT(year)*10000 + INT(month)*100 + INT(day) hms = INT(hour)*10000 + INT(minute)*100 + INT(second) call codes_get(ibufr, 'radiosondeSerialNumber', rsnumber, status_rsno) call codes_get(ibufr, 'softwareVersionNumber', rssoftware, status_rssoft) call codes_get(ibufr, 'weightOfBalloon', balloonwt, status_balloonwt) IF (status_balloonwt /= CODES_SUCCESS) balloonwt = 0.0 ! Ascent (skip reports without dtime array for now) call codes_get(ibufr, 'timePeriod', timeVal, status_time) IF (status_time /= CODES_SUCCESS) THEN write (*, '(A,I7,A,A8,I9,I7.6,F9.3,F10.3,2F7.1,I4)') 'Ob: ', count, & ' ', statid, ymd, hms, lat(1), lon(1), htg, htp, INT(sondeType) write (*, '(A)') 'Missing times - skip' llskip = .True. END IF call codes_get(ibufr, 'pressure', presVal, status_p) call codes_get(ibufr, 'nonCoordinateGeopotentialHeight', zVal, status_ht) IF (.NOT. llskip) THEN call codes_get(ibufr, 'latitudeDisplacement', dlatVal) call codes_get(ibufr, 'longitudeDisplacement', dlonVal) call codes_get(ibufr, 'extendedVerticalSoundingSignificance', vssVal) call codes_get(ibufr, 'airTemperature', tVal, status_airt) call codes_get(ibufr, 'dewpointTemperature', tdVal, status_dewt) call codes_get(ibufr, 'windDirection', wdirVal, status_wdir) call codes_get(ibufr, 'windSpeed', wspVal, status_wsp) ! ---- Array sizes (pressure size can be larger - wind shear levels) sizews = size(wspVal) IF (status_p /= CODES_SUCCESS) THEN allocate(presVal(sizews)) presVal(:) = -999999999.0 END IF IF (status_ht /= CODES_SUCCESS) THEN allocate(zVal(sizews)) zVal(:) = -999999999.0 END IF IF (status_airt /= CODES_SUCCESS) THEN allocate(tVal(sizews)) tVal(:) = -999999999.0 END IF IF (status_dewt /= CODES_SUCCESS) THEN allocate(tdVal(sizews)) tdVal(:) = -999999999.0 END IF IF (status_wdir /= CODES_SUCCESS) THEN allocate(wdirVal(sizews)) wdirVal(:) = -999999999.0 END IF IF (status_wsp /= CODES_SUCCESS) THEN allocate(wspVal(sizews)) wspVal(:) = -999999999.0 END IF ! ---- Print the values -------------------------------- write (*, '(A,I7,A,A8,I9,I7.6,F9.3,F10.3,2F7.1,I4,I5)') 'Ob: ', count, & ' ', statid, ymd, hms, lat(1), lon(1), htg, htp, INT(sondeType), sizews IF (status_rsno == CODES_SUCCESS) write (*, '(A,A,A,F7.3)') & 'RS number/software/balloonwt: ', rsnumber, rssoftware, balloonwt IF (status_ht == CODES_SUCCESS .AND. SIZE(lat) > 1) write (*, '(A,A10,F9.3,F10.3,F7.1)') & 'WMO list lat, lon, ht: ', statid, lat(2), lon(2), htec write (*, '(A)') 'level dtime dlat dlon pressure geopotH airTemp dewPtT windDir windSp signif' do i = 1, sizews iflag = vssVal(i) IF (.NOT. llstdonly .OR. BTEST(iflag, 16)) & write (*, '(I5,F7.1,2F7.3,F9.1,F8.1,4F8.2,I8)') i, timeVal(i), & dlatVal(i), dlonVal(i), presVal(i), zVal(i), tVal(i), tdVal(i), & wdirVal(i), wspVal(i), INT(vssVal(i)) end do END IF ! free allocated arrays IF (ALLOCATED(timeVal)) deallocate (timeVal) IF (ALLOCATED(dlatVal)) deallocate (dlatVal) IF (ALLOCATED(dlonVal)) deallocate (dlonVal) IF (ALLOCATED(vssVal)) deallocate (vssVal) IF (ALLOCATED(presVal)) deallocate (presVal) IF (ALLOCATED(zVal)) deallocate (zVal) IF (ALLOCATED(tVal)) deallocate (tVal) IF (ALLOCATED(tdVal)) deallocate (tdVal) IF (ALLOCATED(wdirVal)) deallocate (wdirVal) IF (ALLOCATED(wspVal)) deallocate (wspVal) IF (ALLOCATED(lat)) deallocate (lat) IF (ALLOCATED(lon)) deallocate (lon) ! release the BUFR message call codes_release(ibufr) ! load the next BUFR message call codes_bufr_new_from_file(ifile, ibufr, iret) end do call codes_close_file(ifile) print*, 'Finishing normally. Number of BUFR records read: ', count end program bufr_read_tempf
bufr_read_tempf.c
/* * (C) Copyright 2005- ECMWF. * * This software is licensed under the terms of the Apache Licence Version 2.0 * which can be obtained at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0. * * In applying this licence, ECMWF does not waive the privileges and immunities granted to it by * virtue of its status as an intergovernmental organisation nor does it submit to any jurisdiction. */ /* * C Implementation: bufr_read_tempf * * Description: read and print radiosonde data from TEMP BUFR messages. * If available this version also lists the position information from the WMO list * (now OSCAR/Surface) appended to the reports by ECMWF * * Author: Bruce Ingleby */ /* * Please note that TEMP reports can be encoded in various ways in BUFR. Therefore the code * below might not work directly for other types of TEMP messages than the one used in the * example. It is advised to use bufr_dump to understand the structure of the messages. */ #include "eccodes.h" /* Returns 1 if the bit at 'pos' in 'var' is set. The counting starts at 0 */ #define BTEST(var, pos) ((var) & (1 << (pos))) /* Helper function to fill a double array with values of 'key'. Client must free memory */ static int get_double_array(codes_handle* h, const char* key, double** arr, size_t* size) { CODES_CHECK(codes_get_size(h, key, size), 0); *arr = (double*)malloc(*size * sizeof(double)); return codes_get_double_array(h, key, *arr, size); } /* Helper function to fill an integer (=long) array with values of 'key'. Client must free memory */ static int get_long_array(codes_handle* h, const char* key, long** arr, size_t* size) { CODES_CHECK(codes_get_size(h, key, size), 0); *arr = (long*)malloc(*size * sizeof(long)); return codes_get_long_array(h, key, *arr, size); } /* Reset dimension of input array to 'newsize' and fill with 'fillValue' */ static void realloc_and_fill(double** arr, size_t newsize, double fillValue) { size_t i; free(*arr); *arr = (double*)malloc(newsize * sizeof(double)); for(i=0; i<newsize; ++i) *arr[i] = fillValue; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { FILE* in = NULL; /* Message handle. Required in all the ecCodes calls acting on a message.*/ codes_handle* h = NULL; double *lat = NULL, *lon = NULL, *presVal = NULL, *zVal = NULL; double *dlatVal = NULL, *dlonVal = NULL; double *tVal = NULL, *tdVal = NULL, *wspVal = NULL, *wdirVal = NULL; double htg, htp, htec = 0, balloonwt; int err = 0; int status_rsno = 0, status_ht = 0, status_airt = 0, status_dewt = 0, status_p = 0; int count = 0; int llskip = 0; int llstdonly = 1; /* Set True to list standard levels only */ size_t i = 0, size = 0, sizews = 0, sizelats = 0; long blockNumber, stationNumber; long year, month, day, hour, minute, second, ymd, hms, sondeType; long *timeVal = NULL, *vssVal = NULL; const char* infile = "../../data/bufr/PraticaTemp.bufr"; char statid[128] = {0,}; char dropid[128] = {0,}; char rsnumber[16] = {0,}; char rssoftware[16] = {0,}; in = fopen(infile, "rb"); if (!in) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: unable to open file %s\n", infile); return 1; } /* Loop over the messages in the BUFR file */ while ((h = codes_handle_new_from_file(NULL, in, PRODUCT_BUFR, &err)) != NULL || err != CODES_SUCCESS) { count++; if (h == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "Error: unable to create handle for message %d\n", count); continue; } /* We need to instruct ecCodes to expand the descriptors i.e., unpack the data values */ CODES_CHECK(codes_set_long(h, "unpack", 1), 0); /* In our BUFR message verticalSoundingSignificance is always followed by * geopotential, airTemperature, dewpointTemperature, * windDirection, windSpeed and pressure */ llskip = 0; size = 1024; err = codes_get_string(h, "aircraftRegistrationNumberOrOtherIdentification", dropid, &size); if (err) strcpy(dropid, "UNKNOWN"); size = 1024; err = codes_get_string(h, "shipOrMobileLandStationIdentifier", statid, &size); if (err) strcpy(statid, dropid); CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "blockNumber", &blockNumber), 0); CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "stationNumber", &stationNumber), 0); if (blockNumber < 99 && stationNumber < 1000) sprintf(statid, "%ld%ld", blockNumber, stationNumber); CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "year", &year), 0); CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "month", &month), 0); CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "day", &day), 0); CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "hour", &hour), 0); CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "minute", &minute), 0); err = codes_get_long(h, "second", &second); if (err) second = 0; err = get_double_array(h, "latitude", &lat, &sizelats); err = get_double_array(h, "longitude", &lon, &size); status_ht = codes_get_double(h, "heightOfStationGroundAboveMeanSeaLevel", &htg); if (status_ht) htg = -999.0; status_ht = codes_get_double(h, "heightOfBarometerAboveMeanSeaLevel", &htp); if (status_ht) htp = -999.0; CODES_CHECK(codes_get_long(h, "radiosondeType", &sondeType), 0); err = codes_get_double(h, "heightOfStation", &htec); /* Height from WMO list (BUFR) */ if (!err && htg == -999.0) htg = htec; ymd = year * 10000 + month * 100 + day; hms = hour * 10000 + minute * 100 + second; size = 16; status_rsno = codes_get_string(h, "radiosondeSerialNumber", rsnumber, &size); size = 16; codes_get_string(h, "softwareVersionNumber", rssoftware, &size); err = codes_get_double(h, "weightOfBalloon", &balloonwt); if (err) balloonwt = 0; /* Ascent (skip reports without dtime array for now) */ err = get_long_array(h, "timePeriod", &timeVal, &size); if (err) { printf("Ob: %d %s %ld %ld %g %g %g %g %ld\n", count, statid, ymd, hms, lat[0], lon[0], htg, htp, sondeType); printf("Missing times - skip\n"); llskip = 1; } status_p = get_double_array(h, "pressure", &presVal, &size); status_ht = get_double_array(h, "nonCoordinateGeopotentialHeight", &zVal, &size); if (!llskip) { err = get_double_array(h, "latitudeDisplacement", &dlatVal, &size); err = get_double_array(h, "longitudeDisplacement", &dlonVal, &size); err = get_long_array(h, "extendedVerticalSoundingSignificance", &vssVal, &size); status_airt = get_double_array(h, "airTemperature", &tVal, &size); status_dewt = get_double_array(h, "dewpointTemperature", &tdVal, &size); err = get_double_array(h, "windDirection", &wdirVal, &size); err = get_double_array(h, "windSpeed", &wspVal, &sizews); if (status_p != CODES_SUCCESS) { realloc_and_fill(&presVal, sizews, -999999999.0); } if (status_ht != CODES_SUCCESS) { realloc_and_fill(&zVal, sizews, -999999999.0); } if (status_airt != CODES_SUCCESS) { realloc_and_fill(&tVal, sizews, -999999999.0); } if (status_dewt != CODES_SUCCESS) { realloc_and_fill(&tdVal, sizews, -999999999.0); } /* Print the values */ printf("Ob: %7d %s %ld %ld %7.3f %7.3f %7.1f %7.1f %4ld %5lu\n", count, statid, ymd, hms, lat[0], lon[0], htg, htp, sondeType, sizews); if (status_rsno == CODES_SUCCESS) { printf("RS number/software/balloonwt: %s %s %7.3f\n", rsnumber, rssoftware, balloonwt); } if (status_ht == CODES_SUCCESS && sizelats > 1) { printf("WMO list lat, lon, ht: %s %g %g %g\n", statid, lat[1], lon[1], htec); } printf("level dtime dlat dlon pressure geopotH airTemp dewPtT windDir windSp signif\n"); for (i = 0; i < sizews; ++i) { long iflag = vssVal[i]; if (!llstdonly || BTEST(iflag, 16)) { printf("%5lu %6ld %7.3f %7.3f %9.1f %8.1f %8.2f %8.2f %8.2f %8.2f %8ld\n", i + 1, timeVal[i], dlatVal[i], dlonVal[i], presVal[i], zVal[i], tVal[i], tdVal[i], wdirVal[i], wspVal[i], vssVal[i]); } } } /* Release memory */ free(lat); free(lon); free(timeVal); free(dlatVal); free(dlonVal); free(presVal); free(zVal); free(tVal); free(tdVal); free(wdirVal); free(wspVal); free(vssVal); codes_handle_delete(h); } fclose(in); printf("Finishing normally. Number of BUFR records read: %d\n", count); return 0; }
bufr_read_tempf.py
# # (C) Copyright 2005- ECMWF. # # This software is licensed under the terms of the Apache Licence Version 2.0 # which can be obtained at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0. # # In applying this licence, ECMWF does not waive the privileges and immunities # granted to it by virtue of its status as an intergovernmental organisation # nor does it submit to any jurisdiction. # # Python implementation: bufr_read_tempf # # # Description: read and print radiosonde data from TEMP BUFR messages. # If available this version also lists the position information from the WMO list # (now OSCAR/Surface) appended to the reports by ECMWF # # Author: Bruce Ingleby # # Please note that TEMP reports can be encoded in various ways in BUFR. # Therefore the code below might not work directly for other types of TEMP # messages than the one used in the example. It is advised to use bufr_dump to # understand the structure of the messages. # import sys import traceback import numpy as np from eccodes import * INPUT = "../../data/bufr/PraticaTemp.bufr" VERBOSE = 1 # verbose error reporting def example(): # open BUFR file f = open(INPUT, "rb") llstdonly = 1 # If 1 then list standard levels only, 0 list all levels cnt = 0 # loop over the messages in the file while 1: # get handle for message bufr = codes_bufr_new_from_file(f) if bufr is None: break cnt += 1 # desc = codes_get_array(bufr, 'unexpandedDescriptors') # if all(desc != 309056): # descent reports # codes_release(bufr) # continue # Skip other templates # we need to instruct ecCodes to expand all the descriptors # i.e. unpack the data section codes_set(bufr, "unpack", 1) # get header information from the message try: dropid = codes_get(bufr, "aircraftRegistrationNumberOrOtherIdentification") except Exception: dropid = "UNKNOWN " try: shipid = codes_get(bufr, "shipOrMobileLandStationIdentifier") except Exception: shipid = "UNKNOWN " statid = "00000 " try: block = codes_get(bufr, "blockNumber") stnum = codes_get(bufr, "stationNumber") if (block > 0) and (block < 100): # or block != CODES_MISSING_LONG statid = str.format("%.2i%.3i " % (block, stnum)) except Exception: statid = "00000 " if statid == "00000 ": statid = shipid[0:8] if statid == "UNKNOWN ": statid = dropid[0:8] # subtype = codes_get(bufr,'rdbSubtype') sondetype = codes_get(bufr, "radiosondeType") if sondetype == CODES_MISSING_LONG: sondetype = 0 slat = codes_get_array(bufr, "latitude") slon = codes_get_array(bufr, "longitude") slat = np.where(slat != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, slat, np.nan) slon = np.where(slon != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, slon, np.nan) try: htg = codes_get(bufr, "heightOfStationGroundAboveMeanSeaLevel") if htg == CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE: htg = np.nan except Exception: htg = np.nan try: htp = codes_get(bufr, "heightOfBarometerAboveMeanSeaLevel") if htp == CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE: htp = np.nan except Exception: htp = np.nan year = codes_get(bufr, "year") month = codes_get(bufr, "month") day = codes_get(bufr, "day") hour = codes_get(bufr, "hour") minute = codes_get(bufr, "minute") try: second = codes_get(bufr, "second") if second == CODES_MISSING_LONG: second = 0 except Exception: second = 0 date = str.format("%i%.2i%.2i" % (year, month, day)) time = str.format("%.2i%.2i%.2i" % (hour, minute, second)) try: windsp = codes_get_array(bufr, "windSpeed") except Exception: codes_release(bufr) continue print( "Ob: %7i %8s %s %s %7.3f %8.3f %6.1f %6.1f %3i %4i" % ( cnt, statid, date, time, slat[0], slon[0], htg, htp, sondetype, len(windsp), ) ) try: rsnumber = codes_get(bufr, "radiosondeSerialNumber") rssoftware = codes_get(bufr, "softwareVersionNumber") balloonwt = codes_get(bufr, "weightOfBalloon") print("RS number/software/balloonwt ", rsnumber, rssoftware, balloonwt) except Exception: rsnumber = 0 try: htec = codes_get( bufr, "heightOfStation" ) # Height from WMO list (appended by ECMWF) if htec == CODES_MISSING_LONG: htec = np.nan print( "WMO list lat, lon, ht: %s %7.3f %8.3f %6.1f" % (statid, slat[1], slon[1], htec) ) except Exception: htec = np.nan # get all the timePeriods dtime = codes_get_array(bufr, "timePeriod") try: pressure = codes_get_array(bufr, "pressure") except Exception: codes_release(bufr) continue vsSignif = codes_get_array(bufr, "extendedVerticalSoundingSignificance") try: geopoth = codes_get_array(bufr, "nonCoordinateGeopotentialHeight") except Exception: codes_release(bufr) continue dlat = codes_get_array(bufr, "latitudeDisplacement") dlon = codes_get_array(bufr, "longitudeDisplacement") airt = codes_get_array(bufr, "airTemperature") dewt = codes_get_array(bufr, "dewpointTemperature") windd = codes_get_array(bufr, "windDirection") dtime = np.where(dtime != CODES_MISSING_LONG, dtime, np.nan) dlat = np.where(dlat != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, dlat, np.nan) dlon = np.where(dlon != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, dlon, np.nan) airt = np.where(airt != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, airt, np.nan) dewt = np.where(dewt != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, dewt, np.nan) windd = np.where(windd != CODES_MISSING_LONG, windd, np.nan) windsp = np.where(windsp != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, windsp, np.nan) geopoth = np.where(geopoth != CODES_MISSING_LONG, geopoth, np.nan) pressure = np.where(pressure != CODES_MISSING_DOUBLE, pressure, np.nan) # pressure = np.where(pressure > -1e10, pressure, np.nan) print( "level dtime dlat dlon pressure geopotH airTemp dewPtT windDir windSp signif" ) for i in range(0, len(windsp)): if llstdonly and vsSignif[i] != 65536: continue print( "%5i %6.1f %6.3f %6.3f %8.1f %7.1f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7.2f %7i" % ( i + 1, dtime[i], dlat[i], dlon[i], pressure[i], geopoth[i], airt[i], dewt[i], windd[i], windsp[i], vsSignif[i], ) ) # delete handle codes_release(bufr) # close the file f.close() print("Finishing normally. Number of BUFR records read: ", cnt) def main(): try: example() except CodesInternalError as err: if VERBOSE: traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr) else: sys.stderr.write(err.msg + "\n") return 1 if __name__ == "__main__": sys.exit(main())