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6. Additional material
This case was also a case relevant for the MISTRAL initiative (an EU project in which Italian partners and ECMWF have collaborated). In that project we have the "Italy flash flood use case" (see here and here), spearheaded by ECMWF, in which post-processing, of different types, is applied to the ECMWF ENSemble, and also a 2.2km Italy-centred limited area COSMO ensemble. The post-processed outputs are blended together, with lead-time-dependant weighting, to make the final product, which aims to give better probabilistic rainfall forecasts, in particular with a view to providing improved early warnings of flash flood risk (via the association with extreme short period rainfall). Users are encouraged to focus on the higher percentiles (or probabilities of exceeding high thresholds) in the MISTRAL products, to gauge the potential for localised extremes. However some of the plots below illustrate also how the ensemble mean is handled in the raw model and post-processed output, with differences between the two (for a given system) indicating the nature of any bias-correction being applied on the model grid-scale.
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