The following 9 new parameters become operational with model cycle 49r1:
- Apparent Temperature
- Heat Index
- Humidex
- Normal Effective Temperature
- Universal Thermal Climate Index
- Wet Bulb Globe Temperature
- Wind Chill Factor
- Mean Radiant Temperature
- Globe temperature
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They are available from time step T+1 to T+90h at hourly intervals, from time step T+93h to T+144 at 3-hour intervals, and from T+150 to T+360 at 6-hour intervals.
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All parameters are stored in MARS in units of Kelvin (K) and calculated via the thermofeel Python library (available on github).
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Apparent Temperature (AT)
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Parameter ID: 260255
Definition: The AT is defined as the temperature producing the same amount of discomfort as that experienced under the current ambient temperature and humidity. The AT is based on a mathematical model of human body heat balance for an adult, walking outdoors, in the shade and can be considered as an adjustment to the ambient temperature based on the level of humidity. Absolute humidity that conforms with a dew point of 14°C is chosen as a reference. If humidity is higher than the reference humidity level, then the AT will be higher than the ambient temperature; if humidity is lower than the reference, then AT will be lower than the ambient temperature. AT is valid over a wide range of temperatures and includes the chilling effect of the wind at low temperatures (Steadman 1984). The amount of deviation between AT and the actual ambient temperature is controlled by the assumptions of the human body heat balance model.
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- Steadman RG (1984) A universal scale of apparent temperature. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 23:1674–1687
- Blazejczyk K, Epstein Y, Jendritzky G, Staiger H, Tinz B (2012) Comparison of UTCI to selected thermal indices. Int J Biometeorol 56(3):515–535
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Heat Index (HI)
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Parameter ID: 260004
Definition: The HI is defined as the temperature the human body perceives when its evaporative cooling mechanism (perspiration) is limited due to increased relative humidity.
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- Gosling SN, Bryce EK, Dixon PG et al. (2014) A glossary for biometeorology. Int J Biometeorol 58, 277–308
- Rothfusz L (1990) The heat index “equation” (or, more than you ever wanted to know about heat index). National Weather Service Technical Attachment SR 90-23. National Weather Service, USA
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Humidex
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Parameter ID: 261016
Definition: The Humidex (short for “humidity index”) is defined as the temperature the human body perceives in hot, humid weather.
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- Blazejczyk K, Epstein Y, Jendritzky G, Staiger H, Tinz B (2012) Comparison of UTCI to selected thermal indices. Int J Biometeorol 56(3):515–535
- Masterson J, Richardson FA (1979) Humidex, A Method of Quantifying Human Discomfort Due to Excessive Heat and Humidity. Environment Canada, Downsview, Ontario
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- Ontario
Normal Effective Temperature (NET)
Parameter ID: 261018
Definition: The NET is defined as the temperature felt by a human body for certain combinations of the following meteorological parameters: air temperature, relative humidity of air, and wind speed, which together can determine the thermal exchange between the human body and the environment. The NET is based on a model that considers normal atmospheric pressure and a normal human body temperature (37°C).
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- Blazejczyk K, Epstein Y, Jendritzky G, Staiger H, Tinz B (2012) Comparison of UTCI to selected thermal indices. Int J Biometeorol 56(3):515–535
- Li PW, Chan ST (2000) Application of a weather stress index for alerting the public to stressful weather in Hong Kong. Meteorol Appl 7:369–375
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Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI)
Parameter ID: 261001
Definition: The UTCI is defined as the air temperature of a reference outdoor environment that would elicit in the human body the same physiological response (sweat production, shivering, skin wettedness, skin blood flow and rectal, mean skin and face temperatures) as the actual environment. The reference environment is defined as a condition of relatively calm air, i.e. wind speed 0.5 m/s at 10 m above the ground, no additional thermal irradiation (i.e. radiant temperature equal to air temperature), 50% relative humidity (except for air temperatures > 29°C when a cap is used instead, to make the reference relative humidity value always correspond to a vapour pressure of 20hPa) where an average person walks at 4 km/h, generating a metabolic rate equal to 135 W/m2 ≃ 2.3 MET. The model represents the human body's response by combining an advanced dynamic multi-node physiological model with a state-of-the-art temperature-adaptive clothing insulation model for outdoor climates.
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- Błażejczyk K, Jendritzky G, Bröde P, Fiala D, Havenith G, Epstein Y, Psikuta A, Kampmann B (2013) An introduction to the universal thermal climate index. Geogr Pol 86(1):5–10
- Bröde P, Fiala D, Błażejczyk K, Holmér I, Jendritzky G, Kampmann B, Tinz B, Havenith G (2012) Deriving the operational procedure for the universal thermal climate index (UTCI). Int J Biometeorol 56(3):481–494
- Fiala D, Havenith G, Bröde P, Kampmann B, Jendritzky G (2012) UTCI-Fiala multi-node model of human heat transfer and temperature regulation. Int J Biometeorol 56(3):429–441
- Havenith G, Fiala D, Błazejczyk K, Richards M, Bröde P, Holmér I, Rintamaki H, Benshabat Y, Jendritzky G (2012) The UTCI-clothing model. Int J Biometeorol 56(3):461–470
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Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)
Parameter ID: 261014
Definition: The WBGT represents the thermal environment to which an individual is exposed and its value gives a first approximation of the heat stress on a person. The WBGT is an ISO (International Organization for Standardization) screening method to establish the presence or absence of heat stress.
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- ISO (2017) 7243: Ergonomics of the thermal environment—assessment of heat stress using the WBGT (wet bulb globe temperature) index. Geneva, Switzerland.
- Lucas RAI, Epstein Y, Kjellstrom T (2014) Excessive occupational heat exposure: a significant ergonomic challenge and health risk for current and future workers. Extrem Physiol Med 3:14.
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Wind Chill Factor (WCF)
Parameter ID: 260005
Definition: The WCF is defined as the air temperature of an equivalent environment that, under calm wind conditions, would entail the same skin surface heat loss to the environment as in the actual, windy, environment. The WCF takes into account the assumptions of convective and radiative heat loss described in modern heat transfer theory, and assumes no impact from the sun. The equivalent environment considers a still airspeed of 1.34 m s−1 (average walking speed) and a wind speed at face level (i.e., it assumes that the adult is walking into the wind).
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- Blazejczyk K, Epstein Y, Jendritzky G, Staiger H, Tinz B (2012) Comparison of UTCI to selected thermal indices. Int J Biometeorol 56(3):515–535
- Howarth ME, Laird NF (2017) Intraseasonal variations of winter wind chill temperatures across Canada and the United States. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 56(11):2951–2962
- Osczevski R, Bluestein M (2005) The new wind chill equivalent temperature chart. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 86:1453–1458
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Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT)
Parameter ID: 261002
Definition: The MRT is defined as the uniform temperature of a fictive black-body radiation enclosure which would result in the same net radiation energy exchange with a human subject as the actual, more complex radiation environment (Figure 1). In other words, it is the numerical representation of how human beings experience radiation. It applies to a human subject placed in an outdoor environment and irradiated by solar and thermal radiation both directly and diffusely. The MRT is an international standard for thermal environment ergonomics according to the International Organization for Standardization. It is also a standard for thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy according to the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
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- ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2017, Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, ISSN 1041-2336
- Di Napoli C, Hogan RJ, Pappenberger F (2020) Mean radiant temperature from global-scale numerical weather prediction models. Int J Biometeorol 64:1233–1245 (2020)
- ISO 7726. Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Instrument for measuring physical quantities. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. November 1998
- Kántor N and Unger J (2011) The most problematic variable in the course of human-biometeorological comfort assessment — the mean radiant temperature, Central European Journal of Geosciences 3: 90
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Globe temperature
Parameter ID: 261015
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