This article applies to the ERA5 sub-daily datasets:
- ERA5 high resolution (HRES), containing
- sub-daily atmospheric data (stream oper)
- sub-daily ocean wave data (stream wave)
- ERA5 ensemble (EDA), containing
- sub-daily atmospheric data (stream enda)
- sub-daily ocean wave data (stream ewda)
This article does not apply to ERA5 monthly data. What streams are available? (Section 'Data organisation').
Before continuing with this article you might want to read:
Analysis and forecast
In the ERA5 data archive two types of data are available, 'analysis' (an) and 'forecast' (fc):
- An analysis, of the atmospheric conditions, is a blend of observations with a previous forecast. An analysis can only provide instantaneous parameters (parameters valid at a specific time, e.g temperature at 12:00), but not accumulated parameters, mean rates or min/max parameters.
- A forecast starts with an analysis at a specific time (the 'initialization time'), and a model computes the atmospheric conditions for a number of 'forecast steps', at increasing 'validity times', into the future. A forecast can provide instantaneous parameters, accumulated parameters, mean rates, and min/max parameters.
To see which parameters are available as analysis (an) and/or forecasts (fc) see ERA5 data documentation, section 'Parameter listings'.
Instantaneous, accumulated, mean rate and min/max parameters
Each parameter is classed as either 'instantaneous', 'accumulated', 'mean rate' or 'min/max', depending on the temporal properties of the parameter:
- Instantaneous parameters refer to a specific point in time , for example temperature at 12:00. In fact, they are not really instantaneous, but represent an average over the model time step. For a list of available surface and single level instantaneous parameters see ERA5 data documentation, Table 2.
- Accumulated parameters are accumulations during a particular time period, for example precipitation between 17:00 and 18:00. For a list of available accumulated parameters see ERA5 data documentation, Table 3.
- Mean rate parameters are temporally averaged rates over a particular time period, for example the mean snowfall rate between 17:00 and 18:00. For a list of available mean rate parameters see ERA5 data documentation, Table 4.
- Min/max parameters are the minimum or maximum 'instantaneous' value within a particular time period, for example minimum temperature between 17:00 and 18:00. For a list of available min/max parameters see ERA5 data documentation, Table 5.
Time and Step
'time' in analyses
Each analysis has a validity time, i.e. the time the data values refer to (not the time when the analysis was computed).
All validity times are in hours UTC.
Depending on the selected stream, ERA5 daily analysis data is available hourly (i.e. for the HRES, with validity time 00:00, 01:00, 02:00, ... , 23:00) or 3-hourly (i.e. for the EDA, with validity time 00:00, 03:00, 06:00, ... , 21:00). See also the ERA5 data documentation, 'Temporal resolution' and the ERA5 Catalogue, streams.
The concept of 'step' does not apply to analyses.
'time' in forecasts
Each forecast starts with the atmospheric conditions at a specific 'initialization time'. In ERA5 a new forecast is computed twice a day, with initialization times of 06:00 and 18:00 UTC.
In the ERA5 data archive, for forecasts, 'time' (and date) refers to the initialization time.
'step' in forecasts
Each forecast computes the future atmospheric conditions, and at certain "points", or "steps", during this computation the data is post-processed, and stored in the ERA5 data archive. In ERA5 there is a step every 1 or 3 hours, depending on the selected stream. Note, when downloading data from the C3S Climate Data Store (CDS), step does not need to be specified because data is selected according to the valid time automatically, assuming steps from 1 to 12 hours.
Steps are referenced in hours from the forecast initialization time. This is regardless of the step interval. For example, for time=06:00, step 3 is always at 09:00 (06:00+3h).
The step interval in ERA5 is:
- Every 1 hour in the HRES atmospheric (stream=oper), HRES wave (stream=wave) and EDA wave (stream=ewda) forecasts. Hence data is available with validity times 06:00 (step 0, initialization), 07:00 (step 1, i.e. initialization + 1h), 08:00 (step 2, i.e. initialization + 2h), and so on, and equivalent for the 18:00 initialization.
- Every 3 hours in the EDA atmospheric (stream=enda) forecasts. Hence data is available with validity times 06:00 (step 0, initialization), 09:00 (step 3, i.e. initialization +3h), 12:00 (step 6, i.e. initialization + 6h), and so on, and equivalent for the 18:00 initialization.
'step' and instantaneous, accumulated and min/max parameters
The interpretation of 'step' also depends on the parameter:
- Instantaneous parameters are valid at the time indicated by time+step. For example, temperature from the forecast at time=06:00, step=3, represents the temperature at 06:00 + 3h, i.e. at 09:00.
- Accumulated parameters are aggregated up to a Step Y, starting at the previous Step X:
Note that the interval between Step X and Step Y can be 1 hour or 3 hours, depending on the selected stream. At Step 0 all accumulated values and mean rates are zero, because there is no previous data to accumulate from. | Examples:
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- Mean rate parameters are similar to accumulated parameters, except that the quantities are averaged, instead of accumulated, up to a Step Y , from the previous Step X, so the units include "per second". For example:
- In HRES atmospheric (hourly steps), mean rate precipitation at time=06:00, step=3 represents the average precipitation rate in the 1-hour period from 08:00 to 09:00,.
- In EDA atmospheric (3-hourly steps), mean rate precipitation at time=06:00, step=3 represents the average precipitation rate in the 3-hour period from 06:00 to 09:00.
- Min/max parameters (parameters named 'Minimum/Maximum ... since previous post-processing' ) are similar to accumulated parameters, except that instead of accumulating, only the min/max value during the period from Step X to Step Y is archived.
Summary
The following table summarizes the different parameter types available in ERA5 from analysis and forecast:
Instantaneous parameters, e.g. 2m temperature | Accumulated parameters, | Mean rate parameters | Minimum/maximum parameters named 'Minimum/Maximum ... since previous post-processing' | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Analysis Calculated from observations and previous forecasts 'time' indicates a specific point in time for which a data analysis is carried out 'time' is hourly, HH:00 'step' does not apply | For example '2 metre temperature'. Values are valid at 'time' | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Forecast Calculated from analysis and the forecast model 'time' indicate a specific point in time at which a forecast starts (initialization time) 'time' can be 06:00 or 18:00 'step' indicates hours after the initialization time. | For example '2 metre temperature'. Values are valid at 'time'+'step' 'step' is in the range 0 to 18 (hours after initialization) | For example 'Total precipitation'. Values represent the accumulation up to 'time'+'step', from the previous 'step' 'step' is in the range 0 to 18 (hours after initialization) At 'step' 0 all data is zero. | For example 'Mean total precipitation rate'. Values represent the average rate up to 'time'+'step', from the previous 'step' 'step' is in the range 0 to 18 (hours after initialization) At 'step' 0 all data is zero. | For example 'Maximum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing'. Values represent the Min/Max in the period up to 'time'+'step', starting from the previous 'step' 'step' is in the range 0 to 18 (hours after initialization) At 'step' 0 all data is zero. |
