Here we document the ERA5 dataset, which, eventually, will cover the period from January 1950 onwards. Complete ERA5 data released so far covers the period from 1979 and continues to be extended forward in near real time. For up to date information on ERA5, please consult theC3S Announcementson the Copernicus user forum.
ERA5 is produced using 4D-Var data assimilation in CY41R2 of ECMWF’s Integrated Forecast System (IFS), with 137 hybrid sigma/pressure (model) levels in the vertical, with the top level at 0.01 hPa. Atmospheric data are available on these levels and they are also interpolated to 37 pressure, 16 potential temperature and 1 potential vorticity level(s). "Surface or single level" data are also available, containing 2D parameters such as precipitation, 2m temperature, top of atmosphere radiation and vertical integrals over the entire atmosphere. The IFS is coupled to a soil model, the parameters of which are also designated as surface parameters, and an ocean wave model.
The ERA5 dataset contains one (hourly, 31 km) high resolution realisation (referred to as "reanalysis" or "HRES") and a reduced resolution ten member ensemble (referred to as "ensemble" or "EDA"). Generally, the data are available at a sub-daily and monthly frequency and consist of analyses and short (18 hour) forecasts, initialised twice daily from analyses at 06 and 18 UTC. Most analysed parameters are also available from the forecasts. There are a number of forecast parameters, e.g. mean rates and accumulations, that are not available from the analyses.
The data are archived in the ECMWF data archive (MARS) and a pertinent sub-set of the data, interpolated to a regular latitude/longitude grid, has been copied to the C3S Climate Data Store (CDS) disks. On the CDS disks, analyses are provided rather than forecasts, unless the parameter is only available from the forecasts.
ERA5.1 is a re-run of ERA5, for the years 2000 to 2006 only, and was produced to improve upon the cold bias in the lower stratosphere seen in ERA5 during this period.
An ERA5 back extension 1950-1978 (Preliminary version) has been produced. Although in many other respects the quality is relatively good, this preliminary data does suffer from excessively intense tropical cyclones. This dataset will be available as a separate entry in the CDS catalogue (it will be available in MARS at a later date) for a short period of time, after which it will be deprecated and replaced by a new updated version which will be accessible through the main ERA5 entry. The main entry currently contains data from 1979 onwards.
Model level fields (see below) are in GRIB2 format. All other fields are in GRIB1, unless otherwise indicated.
In the CDS, there is the option of retrieving the data in netCDF format.
Initial release data, i.e. data no more than three months behind real time, is called ERA5T. In the event that serious flaws are detected in ERA5T, this data could be different to the final ERA5 data. In practice, though, this will be very unlikely to occur. Based on experience with the production of ERA5 so far (and ERA-Interim in the past), our expectation is that such an event would not occur more than once every few years, if at all. In the unlikely event that such a correction is required, users will be notified as soon as possible.
For the CDS, daily updates are available about 5 days behind real time and monthly mean updates are available about 5 days after the end of the month.
Note: At the moment the timing of the availability of ERA5T data on the CDS on a daily basis can vary. We do not work to a specific target schedule. However, the D-5 data are typically available by 12UTC, but not guaranteed. We are working on reducing the variability of the time of availability, but this may take several months to achieve.
For MARS ERA5 data, monthly updates are available about two months after the month in question.
For GRIB data, ERA5T can be identified by the key expver=0005 in the GRIB header. ERA5 is identified by the key expver=0001.
For netCDF data requests which return just ERA5 or just ERA5T data, there is no means of differentiating between ERA5 and ERA5T data in the resulting netCDF files.
For netCDF data requests which return a mixture of ERA5 and ERA5T data, the origin of the variables (1 or 5) will be identifiable in the resulting netCDF files. See the link for more details.
For ERA5, the IFS documentation for CY41R2 should be used.
The 4D-Var data assimilation uses 12 hour windows from 09 UTC to 21 UTC and 21 UTC to 09 UTC (the following day).
The model time step is 12 minutes for the HRES and 20 minutes for the EDA, though occasionally these numbers are adjusted to cope with instabilities.
The full ERA5 and ERA5T datasets are held in the ECMWF data archive (MARS) and a pertinent sub-set of these data, interpolated to a regular latitude/longitude grid, has been copied to the C3S Climate Data Store (CDS) disks. ERA5.1 is not available from the CDS disks. On the CDS disks, where single level and pressure level data are available, analyses are provided rather than forecasts, unless the parameter is only available from the forecasts.
Data on the CDS disks provides the fastest access to ERA5 data.
NOTE: MARS has stream and type, CDS only has product type. MARS has levtype but CDS puts that into the dataset. eg product_type=ensemble_spread is given by stream=enda or ewda, type=es, levtype=sfc or pl (not for ewda). |
ERA5 data on the CDS disks can be downloaded either from the relevant CDS download page or, for larger data volumes, using the CDS API. Subdivisions of the data are labelled using dataset and product_type. Datasets reanalysis-era5-single-levels and reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels contain the following product types:
Datasets reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means and reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels-monthly-means contain the following product types:
Datasets reanalysis-era5-single-levels-preliminary-back-extension and reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels-preliminary-back-extension contain the following product types:
Datasets reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means-preliminary-back-extension and reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels-monthly-means-preliminary-back-extension contain the following product types:
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ERA5 data in MARS can be accessed with the CDS API by specifying dataset whereas member state users can access data in MARS by specifying class and expver, according to the following table:
Subdivisions of the data are labelled using the keywords stream, type and levtype: Stream:
Type:
Levtype:
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Documentation is available on How to download ERA5.
In MARS: the date and time of the data is specified with three MARS keywords, date, time and step. For analyses, step=0 hours so that date and time specify the analysis date/time. For forecasts, date and time specify the forecast start time and step specifies the number of hours since that start time. The combination of date, time and forecast step defines the validity date/time. For analyses, the validity date/time is equal to the analysis date/time.
In the CDS: analyses are provided rather than forecasts, unless the parameter is only available from the forecasts. The date and time of the data is specified using the validity date/time, so step does not need to be specified. For forecasts, steps between 1 and 12 hours have been used to provide data for all the validity times in 24 hours, see Table 0 below.
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The ERA5 HRES atmospheric data has a resolution of 31km, 0.28125 degrees, and the EDA has a resolution of 63km, 0.5625 degrees. (Depending on the parameter, the data are archived either as spectral coefficients with a triangular truncation of T639 (HRES) and T319 (EDA) or on a reduced Gaussian grid with a resolution of N320 (HRES) and N160 (EDA). These grids are so called "linear grids", sometimes referred to as TL639 (HRES) and TL319 (EDA).)
The wave data are produced and archived on a different grid to that of the atmospheric model, namely a reduced latitude/longitude grid with a resolution of 0.36 degrees (HRES) and 1.0 degrees (EDA).
ERA5 data available from the CDS disks has been pre-interpolated to a regular latitude/longitude grid appropriate for that data.
The article Model grid box and time step might be useful.
For sub-daily data for the HRES (stream=oper/wave) the analyses (type=an) are available hourly. The short forecasts, run twice daily from 06 and 18 UTC, provide hourly output forecast steps from 0 to 18 hours. For the EDA, the sub-daily non-wave data (stream=enda) are available every 3 hours but the sub-daily wave data (stream=ewda) are available hourly.
The ERA5 wave model uses wave spectra with 24 directions and 30 frequencies (see "2D wave spectra (single)", Table 7),
Download from ERA5 ERA5 data is available through the Climate Data Store (CDS). However some ERA5 datasets do not appear in CDS but are accessible through CDS API (for example, ERA5 wave spectra data, ERA5 model level data and ERA5 monthly means archived at ECMWF's MARS archive). The ERA5 Wave data is currently archived in the ECMWF MARS tape library. To retrieve this data, you will need to use MARS Keywords in your CDS API request. Details are available from How to download ERA5 (Option B: Download ERA5 family data that is NOT listed in the CDS online catalogue - SLOW ACCESS). Decoding 2D wave spectra in GRIB To decode wave spectra in GRIB format we recommend ecCodes. Wave spectra are encoded in a specific way that other tools might not decode correctly. In GRIB, the parameter is called 2d wave spectra (single) because in GRIB, the data are stored as a single global field per each spectral bin (a given frequency and direction), but in NetCDF, the fields are nicely recombined to produce a 2d matrix representing the discretized spectra at each grid point. The wave spectra are encoded in GRIB using a local table specific to ECMWF. Because of this, the conversion of the meta data containing the information about the frequencies and the directions are not properly converted from GRIB to NetCDF format. So rather than having the actual values of the frequencies and directions, values show index numbers (1,1) : first frequency, first direction, (1,2) first frequency, second direction, etc .... Also note that it is NOT the spectral density that is encoded but rather log10 of it, so to recover the spectral density, expressed in m^2 /(radian Hz), one has to take the power 10 (10^) of the NON missing decoded values. Missing data are for all land points, but also, as part of the GRIB compression, all small values below a certain threshold have been discarded and so those missing spectral values are essentially 0. m^2 /(gradient Hz). Decoding 2D wave spectra in NetCDF The NetCDF wave spectra file will have the dimensions longitude, latitude, direction, frequency and time. However, the direction and frequency bins are simply given as 1 to 24 and 1 to 30, respectively. The direction bins start at 7.5 degree and increase by 15 degrees until 352.5, with 90 degree being towards the east (Oceanographic convention). The frequency bins are non-linearly spaced. The first bin is 0.03453 Hz and the following bins are: f(n) = f(n-1)*1.1; n=2,30. The data provided is the log10 of spectra density. To obtain the spectral density one has to take to the power 10 (10 ** data). This will give the units 2D wave spectra as m**2 s radian**-1 . Very small values are discarded and set as missing values. These are essentially 0 m**2 s radian**-1. This recoding can be done with the Python xarray package, for example:
Units of 2D wave spectra Once decoded, the units of 2D wave spectra are m2 s radian-1 |
All the analysed parameters and many of the forecast parameters are described as "instantaneous". For more information on what this means, see Parameters valid at the specified time.
The accumulations (over the processing period) in the short forecasts (from 06 and 18 UTC) of ERA5 are treated differently compared with those in ERA-Interim and operational data (where the accumulations are from the beginning of the forecast to the validity date/time). In the short forecasts of ERA5, the accumulations are since the previous post processing (archiving), so for:
Mean rate parameters in ERA5 (e.g. Table 4) provide similar information to accumulations (Table 3), over the same processing periods, but they have different units which include "per second".
Note that:
The short forecasts of ERA5 contain some surface and single level parameters that are the minimum or maximum value since the previous post processing (archiving), see Table 5 below. So, for:
In addition to the sub-daily data, most parameters are also available as monthly means. For the surface and single level parameters, there are some exceptions which are listed in Table 8.
Monthly means are available in two forms:
Monthly means for:
The accumulations in monthly means (of daily means, stream=moda/edmo) have been scaled to have an "effective" processing period of one day, so for accumulations in these streams:
For the EDA sub-daily data (stream=enda/ewda), compared with HRES sub-daily data (stream=oper/wave), there are also ensemble means and standard deviations (type=em/es).
Ensemble standard deviation is often referred to as ensemble spread and is calculated as the standard deviation of the 10-members in the ensemble (i.e., including the control). It is not the sample stdv, so we divide by 10 rather than 9 (N-1).
Ensemble means and standard deviations contain analysed parameters when step=0, otherwise they contain forecast parameters. However, only surface and pressure level data (levtype=sfc/pl) contain forecast steps beyond 3 hours. There are no monthly means for ensemble means and standard deviations.
Pressure levels: 1000/975/950/925/900/875/850/825/800/775/750/700/650/600/550/500/450/400/350/300/250/225/200/175/150/125/100/70/50/30/20/10/7/5/3/2/1
Potential temperature levels: 265/275/285/300/315/320/330/350/370/395/430/475/530/600/700/850
Potential vorticity level: 2000
Model levels: 1/to/137, which are described at https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/documentation-and-support/137-model-levels.
Tables 1-6 below describe the surface and single level parameters (levtype=sfc), Table 7 describes wave parameters, Table 8 describes the monthly mean exceptions for surface and single level and wave parameters and Tables 9-13 describe upper air parameters on various levtypes.
Information on all ECMWF parameters (e.g. columns shortName and paramId) is available from the ECMWF parameter database.
Note: If a parameter name listed in the tables below does not have a Variable name in CDS, this means that this particular parameter is only available from the ECMWF MARS tape archive using CDS-API (see Data Organisation section above).
Parameters described as "invariants" below, are invariant in time.
Parameters described as "instantaneous" below, are valid at the specified time.
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=sfc)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | (0 - 1) | lake_cover | cl | 26 | x | x | |
2 | m | lake_depth | dl | 228007 | x | x | |
3 | (0 - 1) | low_vegetation_cover | cvl | 27 | x | ||
4 | (0 - 1) | high_vegetation_cover | cvh | 28 | x | ||
5 | ~ | type_of_low_vegetation | tvl | 29 | x | ||
6 | ~ | type_of_high_vegetation | tvh | 30 | x | ||
7 | ~ | soil_type | slt | 43 | x | ||
8 | m | standard_deviation_of_filtered_subgrid_orography | sdfor | 74 | x | ||
9 | m**2 s**-2 | geopotential | z | 129 | x | x | |
10 | ~ | standard_deviation_of_orography | sdor | 160 | x | ||
11 | ~ | anisotropy_of_sub_gridscale_orography | isor | 161 | x | ||
12 | radians | angle_of_sub_gridscale_orography | anor | 162 | x | ||
13 | ~ | slope_of_sub_gridscale_orography | slor | 163 | x | ||
14 | (0 - 1) | land_sea_mask | lsm | 172 | x | x |
*Soil type (texture) determines the saturation, field capacity and permanent wilting point at all the soil levels, see Table 8.9 in Chapter 8 Surface parametrization, Part IV Physical Processes of the IFS documentation (CY41R2 for ERA5).
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=sfc)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | J kg**-1 | convective_inhibition | cin | 228001 | x | ||
2 | m s**-1 | friction_velocity | zust | 228003 | x | ||
3 | K | lake_mix_layer_temperature | lmlt | 228008 | x | x | |
4 | m | lake_mix_layer_depth | lmld | 228009 | x | x | |
5 | K | lake_bottom_temperature | lblt | 228010 | x | x | |
6 | K | lake_total_layer_temperature | ltlt | 228011 | x | x | |
7 | dimensionless | lake_shape_factor | lshf | 228012 | x | x | |
8 | K | lake_ice_temperature | lict | 228013 | x | x | |
9 | m | lake_ice_depth | licd | 228014 | x | x | |
10 | (0 - 1) | uv_visible_albedo_for_direct_radiation | aluvp | 15 | x | x | |
11 | Minimum vertical gradient of refractivity inside trapping layer | m**-1 | minimum_vertical_gradient_of_refractivity_inside_trapping_layer | dndzn | 228015 | x | |
12 | (0 - 1) | uv_visible_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation | aluvd | 16 | x | x | |
13 | Mean vertical gradient of refractivity inside trapping layer | m**-1 | mean_vertical_gradient_of_refractivity_inside_trapping_layer | dndza | 228016 | x | |
14 | (0 - 1) | near_ir_albedo_for_direct_radiation | alnip | 17 | x | x | |
15 | m | duct_base_height | dctb | 228017 | x | ||
16 | (0 - 1) | near_ir_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation | alnid | 18 | x | x | |
17 | m | trapping_layer_base_height | tplb | 228018 | x | ||
18 | m | trapping_layer_top_height | tplt | 228019 | x | ||
19 | m | cloud_base_height | cbh | 228023 | x | ||
20 | m | deg0l | 228024 | x | |||
21 | m s**-1 | instantaneous_10m_wind_gust | i10fg | 228029 | x | ||
22 | (0 - 1) | sea_ice_cover | ci | 31 | x | x | |
23 | (0 - 1) | snow_albedo | asn | 32 | x | x | |
24 | kg m**-3 | snow_density | rsn | 33 | x | x | |
25 | K | sea_surface_temperature | sst | 34 | x | x | |
26 | K | ice_temperature_layer_1 | istl1 | 35 | x | x | |
27 | K | ice_temperature_layer_2 | istl2 | 36 | x | x | |
28 | K | ice_temperature_layer_3 | istl3 | 37 | x | x | |
29 | K | ice_temperature_layer_4 | istl4 | 38 | x | x | |
30 | m**3 m**-3 | volumetric_soil_water_layer_1 | swvl1 | 39 | x | x | |
31 | m**3 m**-3 | volumetric_soil_water_layer_2 | swvl2 | 40 | x | x | |
32 | m**3 m**-3 | volumetric_soil_water_layer_3 | swvl3 | 41 | x | x | |
33 | m**3 m**-3 | volumetric_soil_water_layer_4 | swvl4 | 42 | x | x | |
34 | J kg**-1 | convective_available_potential_energy | cape | 59 | x | x | |
35 | m**2 m**-2 | leaf_area_index_low_vegetation | lai_lv | 66 | x | x | |
36 | m**2 m**-2 | leaf_area_index_high_vegetation | lai_hv | 67 | x | x | |
37 | m s**-1 | 10m_u_component_of_neutral_wind | u10n | 228131 | x | x | |
38 | m s**-1 | 10m_v_component_of_neutral_wind | v10n | 228132 | x | x | |
39 | Pa | surface_pressure | sp | 134 | x | x | |
40 | K | soil_temperature_level_1 | stl1 | 139 | x | x | |
41 | m of water equivalent | snow_depth | sd | 141 | x | x | |
42 | ~ | charnock | chnk | 148 | x | x | |
43 | Pa | mean_sea_level_pressure | msl | 151 | x | x | |
44 | m | boundary_layer_height | blh | 159 | x | x | |
45 | (0 - 1) | total_cloud_cover | tcc | 164 | x | x | |
46 | m s**-1 | 10m_u_component_of_wind | 10u | 165 | x | x | |
47 | m s**-1 | 10m_v_component_of_wind | 10v | 166 | x | x | |
48 | K | 2m_temperature | 2t | 167 | x | x | |
49 | K | 2m_dewpoint_temperature | 2d | 168 | x | x | |
50 | K | soil_temperature_level_2 | stl2 | 170 | x | x | |
51 | K | soil_temperature_level_3 | stl3 | 183 | x | x | |
52 | (0 - 1) | low_cloud_cover | lcc | 186 | x | x | |
53 | (0 - 1) | medium_cloud_cover | mcc | 187 | x | x | |
54 | (0 - 1) | high_cloud_cover | hcc | 188 | x | x | |
55 | m of water equivalent | skin_reservoir_content | src | 198 | x | x | |
56 | (0 - 1) | instantaneous_large_scale_surface_precipitation_fraction | ilspf | 228217 | x | ||
57 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | convective_rain_rate | crr | 228218 | x | ||
58 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | large_scale_rain_rate | lsrr | 228219 | x | ||
59 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | convective_snowfall_rate_water_equivalent | csfr | 228220 | x | ||
60 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | large_scale_snowfall_rate_water_equivalent | lssfr | 228221 | x | ||
61 | N m**-2 | instantaneous_eastward_turbulent_surface_stress | iews | 229 | x | x | |
62 | N m**-2 | instantaneous_northward_turbulent_surface_stress | inss | 230 | x | x | |
63 | W m**-2 | instantaneous_surface_sensible_heat_flux | ishf | 231 | x | x | |
64 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | instantaneous_moisture_flux | ie | 232 | x | x | |
65 | K | skin_temperature | skt | 235 | x | x | |
66 | K | soil_temperature_level_4 | stl4 | 236 | x | x | |
67 | K | temperature_of_snow_layer | tsn | 238 | x | x | |
68 | (0 - 1) | forecast_albedo | fal | 243 | x | x | |
69 | m | forecast_surface_roughness | fsr | 244 | x | x | |
70 | ~ | forecast_logarithm_of_surface_roughness_for_heat | flsr | 245 | x | x | |
71 | m s**-1 | 100m_u_component_of_wind | 100u | 228246 | x | x | |
72 | m s**-1 | 100m_v_component_of_wind | 100v | 228247 | x | x | |
73 | code table (4.201) | precipitation_type | ptype | 260015* | x | ||
74 | K | k_index | kx | 260121* | x | ||
75 | K | total_totals_index | totalx | 260123* | x |
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*GRIB2 format
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=sfc)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | s | large_scale_precipitation_fraction | lspf | 50 | x | ||
2 | J m**-2 | downward_uv_radiation_at_the_surface | uvb | 57 | x | ||
3 | J m**-2 | boundary_layer_dissipation | bld | 145 | x | ||
4 | J m**-2 | surface_sensible_heat_flux | sshf | 146 | x | ||
5 | J m**-2 | surface_latent_heat_flux | slhf | 147 | x | ||
6 | J m**-2 | surface_solar_radiation_downwards | ssrd | 169 | x | ||
7 | J m**-2 | surface_thermal_radiation_downwards | strd | 175 | x | ||
8 | J m**-2 | surface_net_solar_radiation | ssr | 176 | x | ||
9 | J m**-2 | surface_net_thermal_radiation | str | 177 | x | ||
10 | J m**-2 | top_net_solar_radiation | tsr | 178 | x | ||
11 | J m**-2 | top_net_thermal_radiation | ttr | 179 | x | ||
12 | N m**-2 s | eastward_turbulent_surface_stress | ewss | 180 | x | ||
13 | N m**-2 s | northward_turbulent_surface_stress | nsss | 181 | x | ||
14 | N m**-2 s | eastward_gravity_wave_surface_stress | lgws | 195 | x | ||
15 | N m**-2 s | northward_gravity_wave_surface_stress | mgws | 196 | x | ||
16 | J m**-2 | gravity_wave_dissipation | gwd | 197 | x | ||
17 | J m**-2 | top_net_solar_radiation_clear_sky | tsrc | 208 | x | ||
18 | J m**-2 | top_net_thermal_radiation_clear_sky | ttrc | 209 | x | ||
19 | J m**-2 | surface_net_solar_radiation_clear_sky | ssrc | 210 | x | ||
20 | J m**-2 | surface_net_thermal_radiation_clear_sky | strc | 211 | x | ||
21 | J m**-2 | toa_incident_solar_radiation | tisr | 212 | x | ||
22 | kg m**-2 | vertically_integrated_moisture_divergence | vimd | 213 | x | ||
23 | J m**-2 | total_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface | fdir | 228021 | x | ||
24 | J m**-2 | clear_sky_direct_solar_radiation_at_surface | cdir | 228022 | x | ||
25 | J m**-2 | surface_solar_radiation_downward_clear_sky | ssrdc | 228129 | x | ||
26 | J m**-2 | surface_thermal_radiation_downward_clear_sky | strdc | 228130 | x | ||
27 | m | surface_runoff | sro | 8 | x | ||
28 | m | sub_surface_runoff | ssro | 9 | x | ||
29 | m of water equivalent | snow_evaporation | es | 44 | x | ||
30 | m of water equivalent | snowmelt | smlt | 45 | x | ||
31 | m | large_scale_precipitation | lsp | 142 | x | ||
32 | m | convective_precipitation | cp | 143 | x | ||
33 | m of water equivalent | snowfall | sf | 144 | x | ||
34 | m of water equivalent | evaporation | e | 182 | x | ||
35 | m | runoff | ro | 205 | x | ||
36 | m | total_precipitation | tp | 228 | x | ||
37 | m of water equivalent | convective_snowfall | csf | 239 | x | ||
38 | m of water equivalent | large_scale_snowfall | lsf | 240 | x | ||
39 | m | potential_evaporation | pev | 228251 | x |
Accumulations are described in section Mean rates and accumulations. The accumulations in monthly means of daily means (stream=moda/edmo) have been scaled to have units that include "per day", so for accumulations in these streams:
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=sfc)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_surface_runoff_rate | msror | 235020 | x | ||
2 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_sub_surface_runoff_rate | mssror | 235021 | x | ||
3 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_snow_evaporation_rate | mser | 235023 | x | ||
4 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_snowmelt_rate | msmr | 235024 | x | ||
5 | Proportion | mean_large_scale_precipitation_fraction | mlspf | 235026 | x | ||
6 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_downward_uv_radiation_flux | msdwuvrf | 235027 | x | ||
7 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_large_scale_precipitation_rate | mlspr | 235029 | x | ||
8 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_convective_precipitation_rate | mcpr | 235030 | x | ||
9 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_snowfall_rate | msr | 235031 | x | ||
10 | W m**-2 | mean_boundary_layer_dissipation | mbld | 235032 | x | ||
11 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_sensible_heat_flux | msshf | 235033 | x | ||
12 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_latent_heat_flux | mslhf | 235034 | x | ||
13 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux | msdwswrf | 235035 | x | ||
14 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_downward_long_wave_radiation_flux | msdwlwrf | 235036 | x | ||
15 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_net_short_wave_radiation_flux | msnswrf | 235037 | x | ||
16 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_net_long_wave_radiation_flux | msnlwrf | 235038 | x | ||
17 | W m**-2 | mean_top_net_short_wave_radiation_flux | mtnswrf | 235039 | x | ||
18 | W m**-2 | mean_top_net_long_wave_radiation_flux | mtnlwrf | 235040 | x | ||
19 | N m**-2 | mean_eastward_turbulent_surface_stress | metss | 235041 | x | ||
20 | N m**-2 | mean_northward_turbulent_surface_stress | mntss | 235042 | x | ||
21 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_evaporation_rate | mer | 235043 | x | ||
22 | N m**-2 | mean_eastward_gravity_wave_surface_stress | megwss | 235045 | x | ||
23 | N m**-2 | mean_northward_gravity_wave_surface_stress | mngwss | 235046 | x | ||
24 | W m**-2 | mean_gravity_wave_dissipation | mgwd | 235047 | x | ||
25 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_runoff_rate | mror | 235048 | x | ||
26 | W m**-2 | mean_top_net_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | mtnswrfcs | 235049 | x | ||
27 | W m**-2 | mean_top_net_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | mtnlwrfcs | 235050 | x | ||
28 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_net_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | msnswrfcs | 235051 | x | ||
29 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_net_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | msnlwrfcs | 235052 | x | ||
30 | W m**-2 | mean_top_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux | mtdwswrf | 235053 | x | ||
31 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_vertically_integrated_moisture_divergence | mvimd | 235054 | x | ||
32 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_total_precipitation_rate | mtpr | 235055 | x | ||
33 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_convective_snowfall_rate | mcsr | 235056 | x | ||
34 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_large_scale_snowfall_rate | mlssr | 235057 | x | ||
35 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_direct_short_wave_radiation_flux | msdrswrf | 235058 | x | ||
36 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_direct_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | msdrswrfcs | 235059 | x | ||
37 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_downward_short_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | msdwswrfcs | 235068 | x | ||
38 | W m**-2 | mean_surface_downward_long_wave_radiation_flux_clear_sky | msdwlwrfcs | 235069 | x | ||
39 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mean_potential_evaporation_rate | mper | 235070 | x |
The mean rates in Table 4 provide similar information to the accumulations in Table 3, except that they are expressed as temporal averages instead of accumulations, and so have units of "per second". The hydrological parameters are in units of "kg m-2 s-1" and so they can be multiplied by 86400 seconds (24 hours) to convert to kg m-2 day-1 or mm day-1.
(stream=oper/enda, levtype=sfc)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | m s**-1 | 10m_wind_gust_since_previous_post_processing | 10fg | 49 | x | ||
2 | Maximum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing | K | maximum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing | mx2t | 201 | x | |
3 | Minimum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing | K | minimum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing | mn2t | 202 | x | |
4 | Maximum total precipitation rate since previous post-processing | kg m**-2 s**-1 | maximum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing | mxtpr | 228226 | x | |
5 | Minimum total precipitation rate since previous post-processing | kg m**-2 s**-1 | minimum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing | mntpr | 228227 | x |
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo - vertical integrals not available for type=em/es, levtype=sfc
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | kg m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_mass_of_atmosphere | vima | 162053 | x | x | |
2 | K kg m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_temperature | vit | 162054 | x | x | |
3 | J m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_kinetic_energy | vike | 162059 | x | x | |
4 | J m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_thermal_energy | vithe | 162060 | x | x | |
5 | J m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_potential_and_internal_energy | vipie | 162061 | x | x | |
6 | J m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_potential_internal_and_latent_energy | vipile | 162062 | x | x | |
7 | J m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_total_energy | vitoe | 162063 | x | x | |
8 | W m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_energy_conversion | viec | 162064 | x | x | |
9 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_mass_flux | vimae | 162065 | x | x | |
10 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_mass_flux | viman | 162066 | x | x | |
11 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_kinetic_energy_flux | vikee | 162067 | x | x | |
12 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_kinetic_energy_flux | viken | 162068 | x | x | |
13 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_heat_flux | vithee | 162069 | x | x | |
14 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_heat_flux | vithen | 162070 | x | x | |
15 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_water_vapour_flux | viwve | 162071 | x | x | |
16 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_water_vapour_flux | viwvn | 162072 | x | x | |
17 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_geopotential_flux | vige | 162073 | x | x | |
18 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_geopotential_flux | vign | 162074 | x | x | |
19 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_total_energy_flux | vitoee | 162075 | x | x | |
20 | W m**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_total_energy_flux | vitoen | 162076 | x | x | |
21 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_ozone_flux | vioze | 162077 | x | x | |
22 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_ozone_flux | viozn | 162078 | x | x | |
23 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_cloud_liquid_water_flux | vilwd | 162079 | x | x | |
24 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_cloud_frozen_water_flux | viiwd | 162080 | x | x | |
25 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_mass_flux | vimad | 162081 | x | x | |
26 | W m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_kinetic_energy_flux | viked | 162082 | x | x | |
27 | W m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_thermal_energy_flux | vithed | 162083 | x | x | |
28 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_moisture_flux | viwvd | 162084 | x | x | |
29 | W m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_geopotential_flux | vigd | 162085 | x | x | |
30 | W m**-2 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_total_energy_flux | vitoed | 162086 | x | x | |
31 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_divergence_of_ozone_flux | viozd | 162087 | x | x | |
32 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_cloud_liquid_water_flux | vilwe | 162088 | x | x | |
33 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_cloud_liquid_water_flux | vilwn | 162089 | x | x | |
34 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_eastward_cloud_frozen_water_flux | viiwe | 162090 | x | x | |
35 | kg m**-1 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_northward_cloud_frozen_water_flux | viiwn | 162091 | x | x | |
36 | kg m**-2 s**-1 | vertical_integral_of_mass_tendency | vimat | 162092 | x | ||
37 | kg m**-2 | total_column_cloud_liquid_water | tclw | 78 | x | x | |
38 | kg m**-2 | total_column_cloud_ice_water | tciw | 79 | x | x | |
39 | kg m**-2 | total_column_supercooled_liquid_water | tcslw | 228088 | x | ||
40 | kg m**-2 | total_column_rain_water | tcrw | 228089 | x | x | |
41 | kg m**-2 | total_column_snow_water | tcsw | 228090 | x | x | |
42 | kg m**-2 | total_column_water | tcw | 136 | x | x | |
43 | kg m**-2 | total_column_water_vapour | tcwv | 137 | x | x | |
44 | kg m**-2 | total_column_ozone | tco3 | 206 | x | x |
(stream=wave/ewda/wamo/wamd/ewmm/ewmo)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc | |
1 | m | significant_wave_height_of_first_swell_partition | swh1 | 140121 | x | x | ||
2 | degrees | mean_wave_direction_of_first_swell_partition | mwd1 | 140122 | x | x | ||
3 | s | mean_wave_period_of_first_swell_partition | mwp1 | 140123 | x | x | ||
4 | m | significant_wave_height_of_second_swell_partition | swh2 | 140124 | x | x | ||
5 | degrees | mean_wave_period_of_second_swell_partition | mwd2 | 140125 | x | x | ||
6 | s | mean_wave_period_of_second_swell_partition | mwp2 | 140126 | x | x | ||
7 | m | significant_wave_height_of_third_swell_partition | swh3 | 140127 | x | x | ||
8 | degrees | mean_wave_direction_of_third_swell_partition | mwd3 | 140128 | x | x | ||
9 | s | mean_wave_period_of_third_swell_partition | mwp3 | 140129 | x | x | ||
10 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_skewness | wss | 140207 | x | x | ||
11 | m s**-1 | free_convective_velocity_over_the_oceans | wstar | 140208 | x | x | ||
12 | kg m**-3 | air_density_over_the_oceans | rhoao | 140209 | x | x | ||
13 | dimensionless | normalized_energy_flux_into_waves | phiaw | 140211 | x | x | ||
14 | dimensionless | normalized_energy_flux_into_ocean | phioc | 140212 | x | x | ||
15 | dimensionless | normalized_stress_into_ocean | tauoc | 140214 | x | x | ||
16 | m s**-1 | u_component_stokes_drift | ust | 140215 | x | x | ||
17 | m s**-1 | v_component_stokes_drift | vst | 140216 | x | x | ||
18 | s | period_corresponding_to_maximum_individual_wave_height | tmax | 140217 | x | x | ||
19 | m | maximum_individual_wave_height | hmax | 140218 | x | x | ||
20 | m | model_bathymetry | wmb | 140219 | x | x | ||
21 | s | mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment | mp1 | 140220 | x | x | ||
22 | s | mean_zero_crossing_wave_period | mp2 | 140221 | x | x | ||
23 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_directional_width | wdw | 140222 | x | x | ||
24 | s | mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment_for_wind_waves | p1ww | 140223 | x | x | ||
25 | s | mean_wave_period_based_on_second_moment_for_wind_waves | p2ww | 140224 | x | x | ||
26 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_directional_width_for_wind_waves | dwww | 140225 | x | x | ||
27 | s | mean_wave_period_based_on_first_moment_for_swell | p1ps | 140226 | x | x | ||
28 | s | mean_wave_period_based_on_second_moment_for_wind_waves | p2ps | 140227 | x | x | ||
29 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_directional_width_for_swell | dwps | 140228 | x | x | ||
30 | m | significant_height_of_combined_wind_waves_and_swell | swh | 140229 | x | x | ||
31 | degrees | mean_wave_direction | mwd | 140230 | x | x | ||
32 | s | peak_wave_period | pp1d | 140231 | x | x | ||
33 | s | mean_wave_period | mwp | 140232 | x | x | ||
34 | dimensionless | coefficient_of_drag_with_waves | cdww | 140233 | x | x | ||
35 | m | significant_height_of_wind_waves | shww | 140234 | x | x | ||
36 | degrees | mean_direction_of_wind_waves | mdww | 140235 | x | x | ||
37 | s | mean_period_of_wind_waves | mpww | 140236 | x | x | ||
38 | m | significant_height_of_total_swell | shts | 140237 | x | x | ||
39 | degrees | mean_direction_of_total_swell | mdts | 140238 | x | x | ||
40 | s | mean_period_of_total_swell | mpts | 140239 | x | x | ||
41 | dimensionless | mean_square_slope_of_waves | msqs | 140244 | x | x | ||
42 |
| m s**-1 | ocean_surface_stress_equivalent_10m_neutral_wind_speed | wind | 140245 | x | x | |
43 | m | altimeter_wave_height | awh | 140246 | x | |||
44 | m | altimeter_corrected_wave_height | acwh | 140247 | x | |||
45 | ~ | altimeter_range_relative_correction | arrc | 140248 | x | |||
46 | degrees | ocean_surface_stress_equivalent_10m_neutral_wind_direction | dwi | 140249 | x | x | ||
47 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_kurtosis | wsk | 140252 | x | x | ||
48 | dimensionless | benjamin_feir_index | bfi | 140253 | x | x | ||
49 | dimensionless | wave_spectral_peakedness | wsp | 140254 | x | x | ||
50 | m**2 s radian**-1 | 2dfd | 140251* | x |
*for 30 frequencies and 24 directions
(stream=mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=sfc or wamo/wamd/ewmm/ewmo)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | (0 - 1) | uv_visible_albedo_for_direct_radiation | aluvp | 15 | x | no mean | |
2 | (0 - 1) | uv_visible_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation | aluvd | 16 | x | no mean | |
3 | (0 - 1) | near_ir_albedo_for_direct_radiation | alnip | 17 | x | no mean | |
4 | (0 - 1) | near_ir_albedo_for_diffuse_radiation | alnid | 18 | x | no mean | |
5 | N m**-2 s | magss | 48 | x | |||
6 | Mean magnitude of turbulent surface stress | N m**-2 | mmtss | 235025 | x | ||
7 | m s**-1 | 10m_wind_gust_since_previous_post_processing | 10fg | 49 | no mean | ||
8 | Maximum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing | K | maximum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing | mx2t | 201 | no mean | |
9 | Minimum temperature at 2 metres since previous post-processing | K | minimum_2m_temperature_since_previous_post_processing | mn2t | 202 | no mean | |
10 | m s**-1 | 10si | 207 | x | x | ||
11 | Maximum total precipitation rate since previous post-processing | kg m**-2 s**-1 | maximum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing | mxtpr | 228226 | no mean | |
12 | Minimum total precipitation rate since previous post-processing | kg m**-2 s**-1 | minimum_total_precipitation_rate_since_previous_post_processing | mntpr | 228227 | no mean | |
13 | m | altimeter_wave_height | awh | 140246 | no mean | ||
14 | m | altimeter_corrected_wave_height | acwh | 140247 | no mean | ||
15 | ~ | altimeter_range_relative_correction | arrc | 140248 | no mean | ||
16 | m**2 s radian**-1 | 2dfd | 140251 | no mean |
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=pl)
count | name | units | Variable name in CDS | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | K m**2 kg**-1 s**-1 | potential_vorticity | pv | 60 | x | x | |
2 | kg kg**-1 | specific_rain_water_content | crwc | 75 | x | x | |
3 | kg kg**-1 | specific_snow_water_content | cswc | 76 | x | x | |
4 | m**2 s**-2 | geopotential | z | 129 | x | x | |
5 | K | temperature | t | 130 | x | x | |
6 | m s**-1 | u_component_of_wind | u | 131 | x | x | |
7 | m s**-1 | v_component_of_wind | v | 132 | x | x | |
8 | kg kg**-1 | specific_humidity | q | 133 | x | x | |
9 | Pa s**-1 | vertical_velocity | w | 135 | x | x | |
10 | s**-1 | vorticity | vo | 138 | x | x | |
11 | s**-1 | divergence | d | 155 | x | x | |
12 | % | relative_humidity | r | 157 | x | x | |
13 | kg kg**-1 | ozone_mass_mixing_ratio | o3 | 203 | x | x | |
14 | kg kg**-1 | specific_cloud_liquid_water_content | clwc | 246 | x | x | |
15 | kg kg**-1 | specific_cloud_ice_water_content | ciwc | 247 | x | x | |
16 | (0 - 1) | fraction_of_cloud_cover | cc | 248 | x | x |
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=pt)
count | name | units | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | m**2 s**-2 | mont | 53 | x | ||
2 | Pa | pres | 54 | x | ||
3 | K m**2 kg**-1 s**-1 | pv | 60 | x | ||
4 | m s**-1 | u | 131 | x | ||
5 | m s**-1 | v | 132 | x | ||
6 | kg kg**-1 | q | 133 | x | ||
7 | s**-1 | vo | 138 | x | ||
8 | s**-1 | d | 155 | x | ||
9 | kg kg**-1 | o3 | 203 | x |
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=pv)
count | name | units | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | K | pt | 3 | x | ||
2 | Pa | pres | 54 | x | ||
3 | m**2 s**-2 | z | 129 | x | ||
4 | m s**-1 | u | 131 | x | ||
5 | m s**-1 | v | 132 | x | ||
6 | kg kg**-1 | q | 133 | x | ||
7 | kg kg**-1 | o3 | 203 | x |
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=ml)
count | name | units | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
1 | kg kg**-1 | crwc | 75 | x | x | |
2 | kg kg**-1 | cswc | 76 | x | x | |
3 | s**-1 | etadot | 77 | x | x | |
4 | m**2 s**-2 | z | 129 | x | x | |
5 | K | t | 130 | x | x | |
6 | m s**-1 | u | 131 | x | x | |
7 | m s**-1 | v | 132 | x | x | |
8 | kg kg**-1 | q | 133 | x | x | |
9 | Pa s**-1 | w | 135 | x | x | |
10 | s**-1 | vo | 138 | x | x | |
11 | ~ | lnsp | 152 | x | x | |
12 | s**-1 | d | 155 | x | x | |
13 | kg kg**-1 | o3 | 203 | x | x | |
14 | kg kg**-1 | clwc | 246 | x | x | |
15 | kg kg**-1 | ciwc | 247 | x | x | |
16 | (0 - 1) | cc | 248 | x | x |
*Only archived on level=1.
(stream=oper/enda/mnth/moda/edmm/edmo, levtype=ml)
count | name | units | shortName | paramId | an | fc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Mean temperature tendency due to short-wave radiation | K s**-1 | mttswr | 235001 | x | |
2 | Mean temperature tendency due to long-wave radiation | K s**-1 | mttlwr | 235002 | x | |
3 | Mean temperature tendency due to short-wave radiation, clear sky | K s**-1 | mttswrcs | 235003 | x | |
4 | Mean temperature tendency due to long-wave radiation, clear sky | K s**-1 | mttlwrcs | 235004 | x | |
5 | Mean temperature tendency due to parametrisations | K s**-1 | mttpm | 235005 | x | |
6 | Mean specific humidity tendency due to parametrisations | kg kg**-1 s**-1 | mqtpm | 235006 | x | |
7 | Mean eastward wind tendency due to parametrisations | m s**-2 | mutpm | 235007 | x | |
8 | Mean northward wind tendency due to parametrisations | m s**-2 | mvtpm | 235008 | x | |
9 | Mean updraught mass flux* | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mumf | 235009 | x | |
10 | Mean downdraught mass flux* | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mdmf | 235010 | x | |
11 | Mean updraught detrainment rate | kg m**-3 s**-1 | mudr | 235011 | x | |
12 | Mean downdraught detrainment rate | kg m**-3 s**-1 | mddr | 235012 | x | |
13 | Mean total precipitation flux* | kg m**-2 s**-1 | mtpf | 235013 | x | |
14 | Mean turbulent diffusion coefficient for heat* | m**2 s**-1 | mtdch | 235014 | x |
*These parameters provide data for the model half levels, at the interfaces of the model layers.
The observations(satellite and in-situ) used as input into ERA5 are listed below.
Sensor | Satellite | Satellite agency | Data provider+ | Measurement (sensitivities exploited in ERA5 / variables analysed) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Satellite radiances (infrared and microwave) | ||||
AIRS | AQUA | NASA | NOAA | BT (T, humidity and ozone) |
AMSR-2 | GCOM-W1* | JAXA | BT (column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation and ocean surface wind speed) | |
AMSRE | AQUA* | JAXA | BT (column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation and ocean surface wind speed) | |
AMSUA | NOAA-15/16/17/18/19, AQUA, METOP-A/B | NOAA,ESA,EUMETSAT | BT (T) | |
AMSUB | NOAA-15/16/17 | NOAA | BT (humidity) | |
ATMS | NPP | NOAA | BT (T and humidity) | |
CRIS | NPP | NOAA | BT (T, humidity and ozone) | |
HIRS | TIROS-N, NOAA-6 /7/8/9/11/14 | NOAA | BT (T, humidity and ozone) | |
IASI | METOP-A/B | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | BT (T, humidity and ozone) |
GMI | GPM | NASA/JAXA | BT (humidity, column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation, ocean surface wind speed) | |
MHS | NOAA-18/19, METOP-A/B | NOAA, EUMETSAT/ESA | BT (humidity and precipitation) | |
MSU | TIROS-N, NOAA-6 to 12, NOAA-14 | BT (T) | ||
MWHS | FY-3-A/B | NRSCC | BT (humidity) | |
MWHS2 | FY-3-C | CMA | BT (T, humidity and precipitation) | |
MWTS | FY-3A/B | NRSCC | BT (T) | |
MWTS2 | FY-3C | CMA | BT (T) | |
SSM/I | DMSP-08*/10*/11*/13*/14*/15* | US Navy | NOAA,CMSAF* | BT (column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation and ocean surface wind speed) |
SSMIS | DMSP-16/17/18 | US Navy | NOAA | BT (T, humidity, column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation and ocean surface wind speed) |
SSU | TIROS-N, NOAA-6/7/8/9/11/14 | NOAA | BT (T) | |
TMI | TRMM | NASA/JAXA | BT (column water vapour, cloud liquid water, precipitation, ocean surface wind speed) | |
MVIRI | METEOSAT 5/7 | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | BT (water vapour, surface/cloud top T) |
SEVIRI | METEOSAT-8*/9*/10 | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | BT (water vapour, surface/cloud top T) |
GOES IMAGER | GOES-8/9/10/11/12/13/15 | NOAA | CIMMS,NESDIS | BT (water vapour, surface/cloud top T) |
MTSAT IMAGER | MTSAT-1R/MTSAT-2 | JMA | BT (water vapour, surface/cloud top T) | |
AHI | Himawari-8 | JMA | BT (water vapour, surface/cloud top T) | |
Satellite retrievals from radiance data | ||||
MVIRI | METEOSAT-2*/3*/4*/5*/7* | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | wind vector |
SEVIRI | METEOSAT-8*/9*/10 | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | wind vector |
GOES IMAGER | GOES-4-6/8*/9*/10*/11*/12*/13*/15* | NOAA | CIMMS*,NESDIS | wind vector |
GMS IMAGER | GMS-1*/2/3*/4*/5* | JMA | wind vector | |
MTSAT IMAGER | MTSAT-1R*/MTSAT2 | JMA | wind vector | |
AHI | Himawari-8 | JMA | JMA | wind vector |
AVHRR | NOAA-7 /9/10/11/12/14 to 18, METOP-A | NOAA | CIMMS,EUMETSAT | wind vector |
MODIS | AQUA/TERRA | NASA | NESDIS,CIMMS | wind vector |
GOME | ERS-2* | ESA | Ozone | |
GOME-2 | METOP*-A/B | ESA/EUMETSAT | Ozone | |
MIPAS | ENVISAT* | ESA | Ozone | |
MLS | EOS-AURA* | NASA | Ozone | |
OMI | EOS-AURA* | NASA | Ozone | |
SBUV,SBUV-2 | NIMBUS-7*,NOAA*9/11/14/16/17/18/19 | NOAA | NASA | Ozone |
SCIAMACHY | ENVISAT* | ESA | Ozone | |
TOMS | NIMBUS-7*,METEOR-3-5,ADEOS-1*,EARTH PROBE | NASA | Ozone | |
Satellite GPS-Radio Occultation data | ||||
BlackJack | CHAMP,GRACE*-A/B,SAC-C* | DLR,NASA/DLR,NASA/COMAE | GFZ,UCAR* | Bending angle |
GRAS | METOP-A/B | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT | Bending angle |
IGOR | TerraSAR-X*, TanDEM-X, COSMIC*-1 to 6 | NSPO/NOAA | GFZ,UCAR* | Bending angle |
Satellite scatterometer data | ||||
AMI | ERS-1,ERS-2 | ESA | Backscatter sigma0, soil moisture | |
ASCAT | METOP-A/B* | EUMETSAT/ESA | EUMETSAT/TU Wien | Backscatter sigma0, soil moisture |
OSCAT | OCEANSAT-2 | ISRO | KNMI | Backscatter sigma0, vector wind |
SEAWINDS | QUIKSCAT | NASA | NASA | Backscatter sigma0 |
Satellite Altimeter data | ||||
RA | ERS-1*/2* | ESA | Wave Height | |
RA-2 | ENVISAT* | ESA | Wave Height | |
Poseidon-2 | JASON-1* | CNES/NASA | CNES | Wave Height |
Poseidon-3 | JASON-2 | CNES/NOAA/NASA/EUMETSAT | NOAA/EUMETSAT | Wave Height |
SIRAL | CRYOSAT-2 | ESA | Wave Height | |
AltiKa | SARAL | CNES/ISRO | EUMETSAT | Wave Height |
* reprocessed dataset
+ when different than the satellite agency
Dataset name | Observation type | Measurement |
---|---|---|
SYNOP | Land station | Surface Pressure, Temperature, wind, humidity |
METAR | Land station | Surface Pressure, Temperature, wind,humidity |
DRIBU/DRIBU-BATHY/DRIBU-TESAC/BUFR Drifting Buoy | Drifting buoys | 10m-wind, Surface Pressure |
BUFR Moored Buoy | Moored buoys | 10m-wind, Surface Pressure |
SHIP | ship station | Surface Pressure, Temperature, wind, humidity |
Land/ship PILOT | Radiosondes | wind profiles |
American Wind Profiler | Radar | wind profiles |
European Wind Profiler | Radar | wind profiles |
Japanese Wind Profiler | Radar | wind profiles |
TEMP SHIP | Radiosondes | Temperature, wind, humidity profiles |
DROP Sonde | Aircraft-sondes | Temperature, wind profiles |
Land/Mobile TEMP | Radiosondes | Temperature, wind, humidity profiles |
AIREP | Aircraft data | Temperature, wind profiles |
AMDAR | Aircraft data | Temperature, wind profiles |
ACARS | Aircraft data | Temperature, wind profiles, humidity |
WIGOS AMDAR | Aircraft data | Temperature, wind profiles |
Ground based radar | Radar precipitation composites | Rain rates |
Dataset name | Observation type | Measurement |
---|---|---|
SYNOP | Land station | Snow depth |
Additional national reports | Land station | Snow depth |
NOAA/NESDIS IMS | Merged satellite | Snow cover (NH only) |
Near-surface humidity
Near-surface humidity is not archived directly in ERA datasets, but the archive contains near-surface (2m from the surface) temperature (T), dew point temperature (Td), and surface pressure[1] (sp) from which you can calculate specific and relative humidity at 2m.
Relative humidity can be calculate with respect to saturation over water, ice or mixed phase by defining es(T) with respect to saturation over water, ice or mixed phase (water and ice). The usual practice is to define near-surface relative humidity with respect to saturation over water.
[1] Access to surface pressure varies by dataset. For example, for ERA-Interim surface pressure is available from the Web Interface and from the WebAPI, while for ERA-40 surface pressure is not available from the Web Interface, but only via the WebAPI.
Snow Cover
In the ECMWF model (IFS), snow is represented by an additional layer on top of the uppermost soil level. The whole grid box may not be covered in snow. The snow cover gives the fraction of the grid box that is covered in snow.
For ERA5, the snow cover (SC) is computed using snow water equivalent (ie parameter SD (141.128)) as follows:
snow_cover (SC) = min(1, (RW*SD/RSN) / 0.1 ) where RW is density of water equal to 1000 and RSN is density of snow (parameter 33.128). |
ERA5 physical depth of snow where there is snow cover is equal to RW*SD/(RSN*SC).
The following advice is intended to help users understand particular features of the ERA5 data:
Currently, we are aware of these issues with ERA5:
ERA5 suffers from an overly strong equatorial mesospheric jet, particularly in the transition seasons.
From 2000 to 2006, ERA5 has a poor fit to radiosonde temperatures in the stratosphere, with a cold bias in the lower stratosphere. In addition, a warm bias higher up persists for much of the period from 1979. The lower stratospheric cold bias was rectified in a re-run for the years 2000 to 2006, called ERA5.1, see "Resolved issues" below.
ERA5 has output analysis values for the instantaneous surface stress components and friction velocity. There is however an issue with those analysis values over the oceans. The analysis for those type of surface parameters is obtained by running the surface module to connect the surface with the model level analysed variables. However, at that stage, the surface aero-dynamical roughness length scale (z0) over the oceans is not initialised from its actual value but a constant value of 0.0001 is used instead. This initial value for z0 is generally too low ( by one order of magnitude or more): Over the oceans, for winds above few m/s, z0 is modelled using the Charnock relation: z0 ~ (alpha/g) u*^2 where alpha is the Charnock parameter, g is gravity, and u* is the friction velocity with typical values of alpha ~ 0.018 g=9.81 u*^2 = Cd U10^2 where Cd is the drag coefficient Cd ~ 0.008 + 0.0008 U10 for U10=10m/s => z0 ~ 0.003 As a consequence, the instantaneous surface stress components and friction velocity will tend to be too low For forecast data, the same problem affects step 0, however, it will not affect the accumulated surface stress parameters (recall the accumulated parameters are produced by running short range forecasts), because, the accumulation starts from the first time step (i.e. at time step 0 all accumulated variables are initialised to 0.). Note that this problem can easily be fixed, by using the initial value of Charnock that is available at initial time. |
ERA5.1 is a re-run of ERA5, for the years 2000 to 2006 only, and was produced to improve upon the cold bias in the lower stratosphere seen in ERA5.
ERA5.1 is a re-run of ERA5 for the years 2000 to 2006 only. ERA5.1 was produced to improve upon the cold bias in the lower stratosphere exhibited by ERA5 during this period. Moreover, ERA5.1 analyses have a better representation of the following features:
The lower and middle troposphere in ERA5.1 are similar to those in ERA5, as is the synoptic evolution in the extratropical stratosphere. For access to ERA5.1 data read Data organisation and how to download ERA5. The dataset is 'reanalysis-era5.1-complete' in the CDS API. |
If you retrieved ERA5.1 from the CDS anytime before 20/05/2020 08:00 UTC for any stream other than oper (i.e. streams: wave, enda, edmo, ewmo, edmm, ewmm, ewda, moda, wamd, mnth, wamo) you will need to request the data again. Prior to this date, stream oper would be delivered regardless of which stream was requested.
There is a range of user support available for ERA5, including a Knowledge Base (where this article resides), a Forum and a ticketed system for questions - for more information see the C3S Help and Support Page.
'reanalysis-era5-complete'
or 'reanalysis-era5.
1
-complete
), then please proceed as follows:(1) Acknowledge according to the licence to use Copernicus Products.
(2) Cite each dataset used as indicated on the relevant CDS entries (see link to "Citation" under References on the Overview page of the dataset entry) .
'reanalysis-era5-complete'
or 'reanalysis-era5.
1
-complete
) or via authorised access to MARS, then please contact the C3S Helpdesk at ECMWF.Please refer to How to acknowledge, cite and reference data published on the Climate Data Store for complete details.
Global stratospheric temperature bias and other stratospheric aspects of ERA5 and ERA5.1
Further ERA5 references are available from the ECMWF e-Library.
This document has been produced in the context of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S).The activities leading to these results have been contracted by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, operator of C3S on behalf of the European Union (Delegation agreement signed on 11/11/2014). All information in this document is provided "as is" and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose.The users thereof use the information at their sole risk and liability. For the avoidance of all doubt, the European Commission and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts have no liability in respect of this document, which is merely representing the author's view. |